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THE LANCASTER FARMER. 



[May, 



lation that may be had on the subject 

 will be unavailable without the neces- 

 sarv pecuniary means to carry their legal 

 enactment into practical effect. It appears to 

 us that objects and questions involving the 

 immense interests of agriculture, and such 

 obstacles as rinderpest and destructive insects, 

 to its successful development, ought to com- 

 mand the attention of government in a very 

 special sense, even if something more should 

 be appropriated than was barely necessary to 

 sustain it in a work that is so intimately 

 related to the happiness, the comfort, and the 

 general welfare of the country. 



The last incumbent of the Entomological 

 Department was Prof. C. V. Riley, who 

 only recently tendered his resignation, be- 

 cause, according to the tenor of that resigna- 

 tion, he could not retain the office any longer 

 without forfeiting his self-respect. We are 

 not specially advised as to the grounds upon 

 which the separation between him and the 

 department was effected, but if we may judge 

 present and coming events by those that are 

 past, we may infer that the powers that be 

 desired him to haul on a wheelbarrow that 

 which by rights should employ nothing lesss 

 than a six-horse team. If agriculture, and 

 entomology in Its relations to it, are of no use 

 to the country they should at once be aban- 

 doned to their fates as other useless things are. 



TRAMPS AND INCENDIARIES. 



Our rural population have a fearful guantlet 

 to run in these days of theft, violence, rob- 

 bery and incendiarism, and it is difficult to 

 advise exactly what line of conduct they 

 should pursue in relation to these depredators 

 upon their property, their homes, and, per- 

 chance, their very lives. "Eternal vigilance " 

 has long since been proclaimed as "the price 

 of liberty," and if this be so in retaining and 

 maintaining the boon of freedom, it seems 

 to be almost infinitely more so at this time in 

 the protection of life and property. It is true 

 our statute books are replete with stringent 

 laws, but laws are of very little account so 

 long as they are systematically evaded, sloven- 

 ly executed, wilfully perverted, or studiously 

 disregarded and violated. We are no advo- 

 cate of the revolver, the bludgeon or the bowie- 

 knife ; but, as a man's domicile, under certain 

 circumstances, is legitimately considered his 

 "castle," we believe, in the absence of a law 

 to protect it, every occupant of a tenement, 

 legally possessed, should become "a law unto 

 himself," by wisely and manfully protecting it 

 and the dear ones it may contain. The ham- 

 lets and houses of our rural citizens are too 

 often remote from the centres of justice and 

 legal functionaries, and therefore their man- 

 sions may be burned down, and their lives im- 

 periled before they possibly could invoke the 

 intervention of the laws or their executors. 



It is humiliating to think that the men and 

 women whose ancestors were compelled to 

 flee their native land, in order to escape perse- 

 cution, spoliation and violence, and to seek 

 safety and protection in a land of liberty, 

 should, in this second century of American 

 freedom, become the victims of impudent and 

 indolent outlaws and tramps. 



We believe that under any and all circum- 

 stances our rural population ought to prepare 

 themselves to defend their property at all 

 hazards, unless it is veiy manifest that the 

 laws can protect it. In all cases when suspi- 

 cious demonstrations have been made by the 

 loose tramp population now infesting the 

 country — where they have been impudent 

 and exorbitant in their demands, or wliere 

 the farmers have felt it their plain duty to 

 deny them— a strict and continuous watch 

 should be kept upon their subsequent con- 

 duct—even if it should require some of the 

 family to sit up all night. It would be much 

 better if there was no necessity for a single 

 deadly weapon in all the land ; but ratlier 

 than suffer the loss recently sustained by Mr. 

 Sener, of Martic township, we would recom- 

 mend the advice of General Dix to the loyal 

 citizens of New Orleans at the outbreak of 

 the rebeUion. 



These tramps and incendiaries are bad 

 enough in the towns, where the population is 

 dense and the officials near at hand, but in 

 the country they are simply intolerable. We 

 are not prepared to say that there are abso- 

 lutely none of them worthy of the alms of the 

 people, but as it would be almost impossible to 

 make the proper discrimination, they all sliould 

 be vigilantly and continuously watched. 

 They are here amongst us ; each one of them is 

 the tabernacle of an immortal soul, and conse- 

 quently they cannot be entirely ignored ; but 

 if it must needs be that offenses will come, 

 then woe betide those through whom they 

 come. It must be made manifest that it 

 would be far better for them if they were 

 taken up and cast into sea than that they 

 should be permitted to ofiend with impunity. 



"CODLING MOTH BANDS." 



The " codling moth " {carpocapsapomonello) 

 has been so damaging to apples, pears and 

 peaches, for several years, that fruit-growers 

 are willing to grasp at any "straw" tliat may 

 contain a hope, however remote, ultimately 

 effecting their intervention or extermination. 

 Many devices have been proposed or invented 

 for the foregoing purpose, but it appears, from 

 some cause or other, the results have not been 

 entirely satisfactory. Under these circum- 

 stances, and also because the apple season 

 will soon be on us again, we have thought it 

 might be useful to our readers to call their 

 attention to " Ruhhnan''s Patent Codling Moth 

 Bands." Price, 5 cents per yard, and kept 

 for sale by D. M. Dewey, Rochester, New 

 York. They can try the experiment, at least, 

 at a very small cost, and like a good many 

 other enterprises, if there is nothing ventured 

 there can be nothing won. 



These bands have been endorsed by several 

 of the most respectable authorities in the coun- 

 try, if we have any warrant at all in believing 

 what has been published concerning them. 



Dr. James Wood, of Muscatine, Iowa, in a 

 report made to the Western Horticulturist, 

 states that he destroyed 15,000 worms and 

 pupee in a small orchard by removing the 

 bands every ten days to two weeks, from the 

 middle of June to the first of October. The 

 gentleman writes on and says 15,000 apples 

 must have been required to lareed the worms 

 we killed under the bands, as it is seldom that 

 more than one worm is found in an apple, 

 and allowing 300 to a bushel, gives 50 bushels 

 damaged or entirely ruined by these worms ; 

 and if we only captured one-half of the worms, 

 the loss is increased to 100 bushels. Sup- 

 posing one-half the worms destroyed to have 

 l3een females, and one-half of these to have 

 been of the first brood, they would have de- 

 posited in the late apples 750,000 eggs, thus 

 damaging 2,750 bushels of the autumn and 

 winter apples. Now suppose these eggs to 

 have produced as many worms, and all to 

 have passed the winter safely, they would in 

 the following spring have aggregated, with 

 the 7,500 of the late brood destroyed under 

 the bands, 757,500 moths. If a small crop of 

 apples on 10,000 trees be estimated at one 

 bushel per tree, or 3,000,000 apples, it would 

 require 15,000 female moths to deposit an egg 

 in each one. Of course on a larger crop of 

 ten bushels per tree, it would require 150,000. 

 If the large orchardist puts into constant 

 practice a system of wholesale destruction 

 like the bands we use, it would seem that the 

 moths coming from the small orchards in his 

 vicinity could not cause him very great injury, 

 but woe to the owner of 50 trees in the imme- 

 diate vicinity of a mammoth plantation, if the 

 latter is persistently neglected. 



Of course, the application of these bands 

 can have no sensible effect upon the moths 

 that will come forth in due time to produce 

 the first brood of the present season, but if it 

 destroys or prevents that brood from perpetu- 

 ating itself, a great advance in the right 

 direction will have been made ; and it is our 

 opinion that no remedy is of any possible use 

 for the destruction of this moth, except one 

 involving the principles this does, whatever 

 its special form may be. 



MILK. 

 Although many of our readers may have 

 heard of such a thing as "pigeon's milk," 

 or the " milk of human kindness," yet we, in 

 what follows, entirely discard all subh lacteal 

 mythologies and confine our remarks to milk 

 as the product of the class Masimalia, all 

 the^females of which yield that noupjshing 

 fluid as the sustaining element of their off- 

 spring during their infancy. At tlie head of 

 the milk-producing Mammals, notably, stand 

 the female animals belonging to the genus 

 Bos, and especially the various breeds of the 

 domestic cow, including the Natives, the 

 Ayrshires, Devons, Holsteins, Jerseys, Swiss, 

 Durhams, Alderneys, and their various cross- 

 ings—polled, long-horned and short-horned ; 

 because the milk of these animals, ever since 

 the beginning of modern history, has been an 

 important factor in the domestic and com- 

 mercial products of civilized nations. 



Of course milk necessarily must differ in its 

 quality, its flavor, its richness and its general 

 appearance, according to the animal from 

 which it is drawn, and in this difference it 

 may adapt itself more fully to the fundamen- 

 tal object for which it was provided, namely, 

 the nourishing of the young during the early 

 periods of their infantile development. Other 

 objects, whatever their magnitude, must be 

 regarded as beneficent contingencies, adapt- 

 ing themselves to human necessities. 



Experimental analyses have been made,from 

 time to time, at various places, in different 

 countries, by eminent chemical authorities, 

 and their results have been published to the 

 world, but it is not our purpose to include these 

 results in this paper, except partially, per- 

 haps, by incidental reference. In additon to 

 the domestic cow the milk of various species 

 of the genus Bos have been the subjects of 

 chemical analysis ; as, for instance, the 

 Buffalo, the Gayal, the Gyall, the Yak, the 

 Jungly Gau, and tlie Zebu. Also the Goat, 

 the Ewe, the Camel, the Reindeer, the Mare, 

 the Ass, the Sow, the Llama, the Bitch, the 

 Porpoise and the Whale ; and last, but not 

 least, the women of our own species. , In 

 reference to the milk of the Ass it is said to 

 be the sweetest and most digestible of all 

 milks, and hence it is recommended by Euro- 

 pean physicians as a proper aliment for deli- 

 cately constituted invalids ; and although, 

 perhaps, not easily obtained in our country, 

 yet it can be readily obtained in many places 

 abroad. In the city of London, for instance, 

 it is said that in times past one might fre- 

 quently meet with such signs as " Vender of 

 Ass's Milk to His Majesty," or, perchance, to 

 '' His Royal Highness the Buke of York," or 

 some other distinguished nobleman or other 

 personage. It is used by "wet nurses," who 

 have not enough of their own, in rearing 

 children, and is said to make the nearest ap- 

 proximation to woman's milk of any other 

 kind that is known. No doubt our people 

 would revolt at this " Aber es ist evva yousht 

 wee mens 'gw.aned ist." The milk of the 

 cow, the ewe and the goat are, however, 

 the principal milks used in the manufacture of 

 butter and cheese. In Iceland the ewes are 

 regularly milked, and so are they to a con- 

 siderable extent in Europe. It is said that 

 ewes' milk furnishes a considerable quantity of 

 the cheese manufactured for export from the 

 region of the Pyrenees, as well as from some 

 districts in France, and it is far superior to 

 the cheese made from the milk of the goat. 

 Goat milk is said to be very disagreeable to 

 some persons, although those accustomed to 

 it prefer it to any other. The cheese produced 

 from it has a strong flavor, but this is not at 

 all objectionable to lovers of "loud flavored " 

 cheese, such, for instance, as Limherger, 

 which, however, like saw kraut, tastes much 

 better than it smells. Here, in Pennsylvania— 

 especially in Lancaster county— the goat has 

 never been very popular as a producer of but- 

 ter, cheese and milk, except, perhaps, among 

 the poorer classes in the suburbs of Philadel- 

 phia ; but in some of the Eastern States, as 

 in Massachusetts, and also in New York, 

 goats' milk, of late years, has come into quite 



