1879.] 



THE LANCASTER FARMER. 



brother, Mr. I. S. Hyatt, became engaged 

 with him, and tlieir experiments were con- 

 tinued until the spring of 1870, when they 

 produced tlie substance now known as celhi- 

 loid, which is under.stood to I)e mauily a com- 

 position of cotton, nitric acid niul ciuniilior. 

 It forms a most .successful suli.sliluir l'»y ivury, 

 and is the basis for the iuiilation i.r ciuiil ami 

 other valuable niaterial.s lor cmianu'iil and 

 use, the latest application l)ciiii,' the imitalion 

 of liuen collar.>*. culls and neckties. In .luly, 

 1870, a patent was obtained, and in lhc> lalfa 

 company uud r the name of th« Celluloid 

 Manufacturing Company was organized in 

 Albany under the laws of the .Stale of New 

 York, with a capital of $00,(100, about S30,000 

 being paid in. The Albany stockholders were 

 subsequeutly Ijoun'ht out liv Xcw Vork capi- 

 talists, the iatc :^ia^sllal lA'ilcrls being at the 

 head, anu the works of the company removed 

 to this city. The business of the company 

 has been steadily increasing, new branches of 

 manufacture have been started, and its capi- 

 tal st()(^k, now S.'iOO.OOO, is returning large 

 dividends to its holders. 



Some idea of the immense business done 

 may be formed when it is stated that they 

 make from two three tons of piano keys alone 

 in a month. These keys are made in sheets 

 large enough to cover the keyboard, and then 

 the keyboard and the keys are sawn apart to- 

 gether, instead of sawing the keyboard apart 

 first and then cementing the keys on separ- 

 ately, as formerly done. 



The first articles ever made of celluloid 

 were dental blanks or plates for false teeth. 

 This is now a large branch of the business. 

 Harness trimmings came next, then knife 

 handles and trusses, and after these jewelry 

 and a host of other articles, among which may 

 be mentioned piano keys, cane, umbrella and 

 parasol handles, brushes and combs, billiard 

 balls, carriage trimmings, pencil cases, pen- 

 holders, coHars and cuffs, neckties, thimbles, 

 card-cases, cigar-cases, book-covers, pocket- 

 books, pistol-handles, paper-knives. AH arti- 

 cles in ivory, tortoise shell and jet are closely 

 imitated. 



There are at present four wealthy and 

 prosperous companies engaged in the manu- 

 facture of celluloid in this city as well as 

 three firms or individuals, and the amount of 

 capital invested in the business here is about 

 S1.000,000. The number of articles made out 

 of celluloid is constantly increasing, and dur- 

 ing the past year no less than twelve patents 

 were taken for additional improvements in 

 the manufacture, new articles and machinery, 

 to be used in this growing branch of industry. 



M'KINSTRY'S GREAT ORCHARD. 



The largest orchard in the world is doubt- 

 less that owned and worked very successfully 

 by Mr. l^obert McKiustry, of Hudson, Colum- 

 bia county, X. Y. The orchard is situated 

 on the east bank of the Hudson river, on high, 

 rolling table land, and contains more than 

 24,000 apple trees, 1,700 pears, 4,000 cherries, 

 500 peaches, 200 crabs, 200 plums, 1,500 vines, 

 6,000 currants, and 200 chestnuts. The varie- 

 ties grown are : Rhode Island greening, 7,000 ; 

 Baldwins, 6,000 ; King of Tompkins County, 

 4,000 ; Astrachans, 800 ; Northern Spy, 500 ; 

 Wagener, 500 ; Gravenstein, 400 ; Cranberry 

 Pippins, 200 ; Ben. Davis. 200 ; Duchess of 

 Oldenburg, 2C0 ; with Jonathans, Hubbard- 

 son, Cayugas, Vandeveres, Pearmain's, Peck's 

 Pleasants, 20 ounce Pippins, Russets, and 

 others in less number. 



The pears are Barr.lett, B. d'Aiijou, Shel- 

 don, Seckel and Lawrence, chiefly. Of cherries 

 there are twentj'-eight varieties. The orchards 

 are remarkably thrifty, and the oldest trees 

 are about twenty years old. The soil is dry, 

 rolling gravel, with some limestone ; the trees 

 are planted twenty feet apart and do not by 

 any means seem to be crowded. The ground 

 is ploughed several times in the year and kept 

 fallow ; except when thought advisable, it is 

 seeded to clover. The orchard is intersected 



by roads over six miles in length for the 

 passage of wagons, and is bounded by a con- 

 tinuous row of apple trees, set ten feet apart, 

 for four miles and a half. The apple crop of 

 last year was :iO,000 barrels. Twenty-four 

 men and fourtem horses are employed hauling 

 out the crop or in ploughing. 



The success of this orchard has not been 

 achieved, nor is it maintained, without the 

 closest supervision and most industrious work. 

 Suckers and spiouts are removed as soon as 

 seen; the bon r> are watched and followed 

 with vigor. Wires are used to reach 

 them in their burrows, and the damaged 

 bark is removed with chisels. As trees fall 

 others are planted in their places. 



As the market for good fruit is extending 

 every year, antl foreigii customers are seeking 

 supplies, the business of growing fruit cannot 

 fail to be profitable and permanent. No other 

 business pays better than this, for the most 

 skillful attention and management ; indeed, 

 without these, it is vain to expect a crop that 

 will sell in the market lor remunerative prices. 

 Good fruit sell> itself, and the grower is soon 

 sought for by the imi-eliasers. Those who 

 desire to take a lesson in things appeitaining 

 to the business, and to prove the truth of these 

 facts, may we.l study the ways and methods 

 of Mr. McKiustry and his ovcha,id.—Jiural 

 Ilomi'. 



ROSE LEGENDS. 



In the neighborhood of Jerusalem is a 

 pleasant valley, which still bears the name of 

 Solomon's Rose Garden, and where, accord- 

 ing to a Mohammedan mytli, a compact was 

 made between the Wise Man and the genii of 

 the Morning Laud, which was writ, not in 

 bloud, like the bond between Faust and 

 Mepaistopheles, nor in gall, hke our modern 

 treaties, but with saffron and rose water upon 

 the petals of white roses. In Paris, in the 

 sixteenth century, an edict was issued re- 

 quiring all Jews to wear arose on their breasts 

 as a distinguishing mark. In the Catholic 

 Tyrol, in the present day, betrothed swains 

 are expected to carry a rose during the period 

 of their betrothal, as a waruiug to young 

 maidens of tlieir engaged state. Roses have 

 played and still play an important part in 

 popular usages in many other parts of the 

 world. In Germany, young girls deck their 

 hair with white roses tor their confirmation, 

 their entrance into the world, and when, at 

 the end of life's career, the aged graudmotlier 

 departs to her eternal rest, a last gift, in the 

 shape of a rose-garland, is laid upon her bier. 

 Julius Ciesar, it is recorded, was fain to hide 

 his baldness at Uic a^v of thirty with the pro- 

 ducts of the Kouiaii tom; gardens, as Anacreou 

 hid the snows of eighty under a wreath of 

 roses. At mid-Leut the Pope sends a golden 

 rose to particular churches or crowned heads, 

 whom he designs as especially to honor. 

 Martin Luther wore a rose in his girdle. In 

 these instances the rose serves as a symbol of 

 ecclesiastical wisdom. A rose has figured on 

 the headsman's axe of the Voehmgericht. 

 Many orders, fraternities and societies have 

 taken the rose as their badge. The " Rosi- 

 crucians " may be instanced. The " Society 

 of the Rose," of Hamburg, an a.ssociation of 

 learned ladies of the seventeenth century, is a 

 less known example. It was divided into 

 four sections — the roses, the lilies, the violets 

 and the pinks. The lioly Medardus instituted 

 in Prance the custom of "La Rosiere," by 

 which, in certain localities, a money gift and 

 crown of roses are bestowed on. the devoutest 

 and most industrious maiden in the commune. 

 The infamous Duke de Chatres established an 

 "Order of the Rose" with a diametrically 

 opposite intention, the avowed object being 

 the undermining of female virtue. At Treviso 

 a curious rose feast is or was held annually. 

 A castle was erected with tapestry and silken 

 hangings, and defended by the best born 

 maidens in the city against the attacks of 

 young bachelors, almonds, nutmegs, roses 

 and squirts filled with rose water being the 

 ammunition freely used on both sides. — 

 Oardener''s Monthly. 



OZONE. 



Ozone is a principal constituent existing in 

 pure air. It is one of tlie elements whose 

 presence is indispensable to the existence of 

 iiealth, vigor, and even life. It abounds most 

 freely iihcertain sahilnious situations, such as 

 mountain slopi-s, I'erlili- aiirieidtural regions, 

 the seashore and elivalcd plains. It is never 

 absentfromthe air cxrept during the presence 

 of epidemics. It is found in very small pro- 

 portions in the air that passes over large 

 towns. Its presence in the air is a standard 

 of purity, and an indication of the healtliful- 

 ness or uidieaUhl'ulness of a region, as uner- 

 ring as the rise and fall of tlic barometer in 

 telling atinosphcrie changes. O/.one possesses 

 a peculiar odor which is readily distinguished 

 after a thunder storm. 



This odor was known to the ancients ; it was 

 described by a Grecian poet who lived four 

 thousand years ago, but it was not until 1785, 

 when Van Marum, a Dutch savant, observed 

 it, that its origin was traied. No practical 

 effect resulted from this discovery. It was re- 

 served for thr eniiient Swiss ilieinist, Schoe- 

 bein, tcxIiseov.T lliis vital priueiple, in 1840. 

 He deinon-trabcl llir lad tlial paper saturated 

 with a >olai 1,111 ol ioilidr ,,1 standi is a test 

 for it. ami ilrhi iiiimil the mnditions under 

 whirhit rxisis. Siiirr tlicii ii s ni(deculir Con- 

 stitution has been the sulijcct of repeated in- 

 vestigations. The most brilliant of these was 

 the theory of Prof. <Jdling in ISdii, which was 

 cunlirnicd by Sir Jieiij. Brodie in lS7:i, that it 

 is a condensed form of oxygen. Oxygen con- 

 tains two atoms in each of its molecules, but 

 ozone contains Ihn-e in a molecule of equal 

 volume. Hence the formula for ozone is that 

 which is now a.ssigned to it, namely O IJ. It 

 is obvious that ozone should bt half as heavy 

 again as oxygen, should have in fact a specific 

 gravity of "24, as compared with hydrogen. 

 Oil of turpentine, chloride of tin (.stannus 

 chloride), and hyposulphite of soda, absorb 

 the whole molecule of ozone. 



Our Local Organizations. 



AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICUL- 

 TURAL SOCIETY. 



The rcffular monthly meeting of the Aericultural 

 and Horticultural Society was held on Monday after- 

 noon, June -.;, in their room in the City Hall. 



The meeting was called to order by the President, 

 Calvin Cooper, esq. 



The following members and visitors were present : 

 Calvin Cooper, Bird-in-Hand; Jos. F. Witmer, Para- 

 dise; C. M. Hosletter, Eden; William H. Brosius, 

 Drumore; J. C. Linviile, Salisbury; P. Hcrthey, 

 city; W. W. Griest, city; F. R. Diflenderffer, city; 

 J. M. Johnston, city; J. P. Mcllvaine, Salisbury; 

 Johnson Miller, Warwick; Sylvester Kennedy, Salis- 

 bury. - 



There being so few mmbers present, a motion 

 was made to adjourn until the second Monday of 

 July, which was carried. The usual meeting on the 

 first Monday of that month will be omitted, as It 

 will most likely come when farmers are busywith 

 their wheat harvest and be unable to attend. 



As the by-laws under the new charter will then 

 be acted upon, it is hoped there will be a full at- 

 tendance ol the members. 



It would be most fortunate for the society If It 

 had some far-seeing member to anticipate and ad- 

 monish it in lime of such contingencies as are likely 

 to interfere with the attendance of its members at 

 the stated meetings. The Fourth of July, Whitsun- 

 tide, Easter and similar holidays occurring on Mon- 

 day, are not favorable to either large or attentive 

 meetings. There are too many attractions upon the 

 street and elsewhere, besides many of the elder and 

 graver of our stauncher country people avoid coming 

 into town at all on such occasions. Slick a pin in 

 this for future reference. 



THE LANCASTER COUNTY POULTRY 

 ASSOCIATION. 



The regular monthly meeting of the Lancaster 

 County Poultry Association was held in their rooms 

 on Monday morning, June 2, with rather a meagre 

 attendance. 



The meeting was calkd to order by the President, 

 Rev. D. C. ToTjias. 



The Secretary called the roll and read the minutes 

 of last meeting, which were adopted as read. 



The following members and visitors were present : 

 Rev. D. C. Tobias, Liliz; J. .M. Johnston, city; 

 Simon P. Eby, city; W. W. Griest, city; Frank K, 



