79.] 



THE LANCASTER FARMER. 



185 



ounces of Parmesan into a liowl. Mix tKi« 

 with a pincliof salt, a little cayenne ami two 

 ounces of tlonr, and rub two ounces of l>ulter 

 into the tuixtuie. Make the iui;roclients into 

 a stiff paste with the yolk of one ej;f;. Flour 

 the iia^trv board and the roUinc; \)\u, and roll 

 the past iv out rather tbiMlvlill it isabnid half 

 a(piartcr.,tan inch thick. .\> tl,c si r:nvs arc 

 to licalmut live iiiclics luim it will be vv.'ll to 

 roll tlic pastry to this widtli. Cut the [lastry 

 into lingers half a (luarter of an inch wide; 

 lift them carefully one by one upon a buttered 

 baking sheet and bake them in a hot oven. 

 When thev are a pale lirown color thcv are 

 done enoul'h; Ihevwill take aliont ten "min- 

 utes. Soiuetiiiies small rini;s about the size of 

 a penny piece are cut out of the paste ami six 

 or eii,'ht straws are imt throuL;li each nt these, 

 in iniilali«aiof a bundle of sticks; or the straws 

 arc served piled on a dish in transverse rows. 

 They arc cal.en cold. If put away in a tin 

 they will keep awhile. 



WHISKY. 



Revenue List of the States. 



In the whisky revenue list the following is 



the percentage of tlie thirteen leading States : 



Illiuois 30.5H 



Ohio 21.40 



Kentucky 10.3s 



Indiana 10.0r> 



New York t;.'.'il 



Missouri 4.ns 



Peuiisylvauia V.yo 



MaeBachusettB 'i.-i.i 



Wisconsin I 7u 



NebraeKa 1 -I'-i 



Maryland 1.41 



Teuuesaee 1.35 



California 1 O.i 



phens 



SU|l|li 



and .Sci 



If llepresentative Sti 

 Conklins were ri,<;ht in 

 place where wliisk> is made and the ta.\ on it 

 is collected pays the tax, tlic t'orcgoinj,' tabli- 

 would make a frightful exhibition of some of 

 the States. For the tax is really paid by the 

 consumers. If Illinois, for instance, pays 

 more than thirty per centum of the whole tax 

 it follows that she drinks more than ihirty 

 per centum of the whole quantity of whisky 

 swallowed in the Unitial States. ITpon this 

 theory. Illinoi.s, Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana 

 drink more than three times as much whisky 

 as the remaining thirty-four State.s. New 

 York has been supposed to do her share of 

 spirituous absorption, Ijiit upon this showing 

 she drinks about aljout one titlh as much as 

 Illinois, less than one-third as much as Ohio, 

 and only three-lifllis of the quantity guzzled 

 by eitlier Kentucky or Indiana. It is there- 

 fore in the interest of the good character and 

 steady standing of the several States as well 

 as of economic truth that Mr. Stephens and 

 Mr. Conkling ought to revise tlieir notions 

 on this subject. Tlie next time they refer to 

 the matter in Congress let them remember to 

 say that the New York toper who crawls out 

 at daybreak for his morning dram, or the cus- 

 tomary tii>pler who is seen wiping his mouth 

 susi)iciousiy about 11 o'clock in Wall or 

 Broad street, or the man who evades the 

 l)iohii)ition law in a dark closet in Maine, 

 contributes to the internal revenue wlienever 

 he raises liis glass to his lips. In this way 

 there will l)e a fair distribution of the whisky 

 as well as the tax. 



COFFEE. 



A Coffee-field in Brazil. 



From a very full account of the UraziHtin 

 Cortce Industiy in Srrihncr for December, we 

 take this description of the tield-work, written 

 from personal observation by Herbert H. 

 Smith: 



In southern Brazil, a colfee-field .seldom 

 lasts more than thirty years. The plantations 

 are made on the fertile hill-side, where the 

 forest has been growing thick and strong. But 

 the soil here is never deep— six or eight inches 

 of mould at the utmost. In the tropics there 

 are no long winters with mats of dead vegita- 

 ble matter rotting under the snow. The 

 leaves fall singly, and dry up until they break 

 into dust; logs and decaying branches" in the 



shady woods are carried away by white ants 

 and beetles; hence the mould bed incre;ises 

 very slowly; in twenty-live or thirty years, 

 the strong-growing coli'ec-trces eat it all up 

 Most i)lanters simply cut down the forest and 

 leave the trees to drv in the sun for six or 



1 eight weeks, when they are burned. S , 



more providei.l. lets the logs rot where they 

 lie. whieh liny do in a year or two; iu the 

 open sunlight they are saved from in8ects,and 

 the ground receives a large accession to its 

 strength. 



Back of tlic house there are two yards or 

 small lields, four acres, perhaps, together. 



close together, oiilv leavihi; little patliwa\s at 

 intervals. Kaeh oVthe two hundred tliousand 

 pots eoiitains a thriving young coffee-plant. 

 The ground tonus a gentle slope, and water 

 is cdiistantly running over it, so that it is al- 

 ways soaked. The pots, tlirongh orifices at 



keep the roots moistened. The young plants 

 are protecled from the .sun by mat screens 

 stretelied (111 poles aliove tlie ground. 



This is a .cslU svsteni. Most of the plan- 

 ters take rnnt -hoots at random from the old 



lields and .set them at •<• iiiio unprepared 



ground. Sr. S 's expei inienl Ikis msl him 



probably $20,000; the pots alum r.,si .-1 l.nuo. 

 But he will make at least :^."ii).iiiiii liy the ope- 

 ration. In the first phw'e, he gains a good 

 year in the start that he gives to these young 

 plants. Then they are not put back in the 

 transplanting; the pots are simply inverted 

 and the roots come out with the earth. They 

 are set into mould or compost which has been 

 prciiared in deep holes. The tender rootlets 

 catch hold of this at once, and in a day or two 

 the plant is growing as well as ever. 



The nur.slings come from selected seeds of 



half a dozen varieties. Sr. S has them 



planted at first in small pots. A dozen slaves 

 are engaged transplanting the six-inch high 

 shoots to larger pots. Little tired-looking 

 children carry them about on their shoulders, 

 working ou as steadily as the old ones, for 



they are Well trained. Sr. S wants to 



make his plants last fifty year-s, so he is careful 

 and tender with them. The little blacks will 

 be free in lSi)2, so his policy is to get as much 

 work as possible from them while lie can. 



The plants are set in rows, about ten feet 

 apart. They grow, and thrive, and are 

 haiipy, out ou the hill-side. Warm sunshine 

 cansses the leaves; generous rains feed the 

 tender roots; the ground js kept free from in- 

 truding weeds and bushes, and the planter 

 waits for his harvest. After four years, the 

 trees are six feet high and begin to bear. By 

 th(' si.xth year, the crops are very large— three, 

 or even four pounds per tree at times. Mean- 

 while, corn and rnandiocaare planted between 

 the rows. Often in a new plantation the ex- 

 penses are nearly covered by these subsidiary 

 crops. 



In this month of November only a few of 



the princnpal gathering month, and almost 

 the whole force must tie at woi'k in tlie licar- 

 ing orchards. From sunrise to sunset, men, 

 women and children are gathering the berries 

 in ba.-kets, working silently and .steadily un- 

 der the over.seer's eye. Every day, each slave 

 gathers on the average berries enough to pro- 

 duce lifty pounds of dried coflije. The pick- 

 ings are collected in carts and brought to the 

 mill-lKULse, where the seeds must be prepared 

 for the market. 



WASHING FOWLS 

 One of the correspondents who asked for 

 this article, observed that he found his birds 

 looking rather dirtier after his washing than 

 before, which brings us face to face with the 

 first ditliculty and its remedy. The ditiieulty 

 itself all consists in the facti hat people al flr.s't 

 have no idea how tlioiowjh the icuxhhKj of a fmrl 



\ for (fhihUion has lobe. They give tlieir birds 

 a very mild soap over with a sponge, rinse 



j tliein, and think they are washed. Not a bit 

 of it. Think a little, about wa.shiiig, say a 



I pair of hands. If they are tolerably cleau, 



and you plunge them into a hit of black mud, 

 they will (!oiiie out black enough, but you can 

 wash (/iwdirt olV with very little trouble. But 

 suppose your hands have not been washed for 

 a good while, anil Mill have been in contact 

 with a lot of things, including a little oil or 

 grease for a specimen, let iis say an engine- 

 litter's hand>, at the close of a'dav's work. 

 CarefuUv wiped, ihey will show far less dirt 

 than the muddy hands before menlioifed; but 

 this kind of dirt will take long and persistent 

 scrubbing to remove. Now, the dirt on a 

 fowl is more or less like the last .sort. It is 

 old: it is wiOl worked in; and it is iiieorpora- 

 feil with the oil of ilie pl,i„i:ig<>. And it lakes 

 dowiiri-hl thon.:<,,h washin- to -et it off. 



You niii.sl havi' a large tnl), at least a foot 

 deep, and fill it half full with water at, say 

 90'. Make this water into strong suds by 

 rubbing a good large cake of soaji into it till it 

 latfieis well. The suds must i.e good and 

 strong, or it is no use. Then put vonr bird 

 in, and with a good .sponge drench it all over 

 witli suds, and rub it thoroii^'hly, taking an 



occasional rub of the s|ioiil'i another jiiece 



of soap. Yon must nevei ruh ",- ih.' Iniiher; 

 but otherwise nib awav fieeU , le.t ciih down, 

 but a little across in both direct h.n.s; not furi- 

 ously, of eoujse, but still as if you me'iut to 

 el. ;in the bird down to the ski'ii. For the 

 hiaiK mid legs you must take a brush, which 

 tilings ciut the freshness of the combs wonder- 

 fully, if there is any in them. Uememlier this 

 one simple thing: that your birds may look 

 rough and untidy liecause you arc inexperi- 

 enced in drying, but that if. after washing, 

 they still look rlirti/, it is for no other reason 

 than that vou did not wash them moiujh. 



AVhen washed, lift into another tub of clean 

 warm wati't, and with a clean sponge rin.se 

 out as t horoughly as possible. Here, too, peo- 

 ])le often think the .soa|) is out when it is not; 

 and wIkmi you see fowls with the iilumage ai)- 

 pearing to hang in rilaments, instead of web- 

 liing out smooth as before, llie reason is that 

 soap has been left in. The first rinsing in the 

 wann water will not get all out as it .should 

 be, liut sli..nld get all the stron- suds out. A 

 third tub will get the bird pretty clear of so-aj); 

 and, finally, we strongly recommend a thor- 

 ough plunge— head, ears, and all— into a tub 

 of clean i-ohl water, or, in default of that, to 

 turn on cold water from a hose. 



The drvinu is a more ticklish matter. Stand 

 the miserable lo.iUing object you have jiro- 

 duced on a bench or the top of an empty biis- 

 ket, and with a sponge iia.s.sed gently over the 

 way of the feather, ab.soib all the water that 

 a tightly wrung-out sponge will take up. Get 

 off all you can this way, when the fowl is 

 ready for the lire. It must be taken pretty 

 near, but not exposed to fierce heat, which 

 would blister the face and curl the feathers. 

 Much depends on the room; but the object is 

 to have the whole bird in a veri/ warm but not 

 fierce atmosphere. If attention can be given, 

 the hrsi plan is to carefully turn the bird round 

 now and then, so tliat no part is exposed too 

 long to direct heat: and there should be a 

 screen to keep olf the col.l air. A large box 

 with the o|ien side turned to the fire, and bed- 

 ded with clean well bruised oat straw, keeps 

 the air warm round the fowls verv well; and 

 in such a hot chamber the fowls inay be left 

 with an occa.sional inspection; but to dry well, 

 care must betaken toturiiany espe iallv damp 

 place towards the beat when iieedid.' The 

 great thing here is to dry as fast as pn.ssible 

 without violent heat, but to dry ujuidh/ — 

 otherwi.se the plumage is apt to tret curled", or 

 bent or twisteil in a very prejudicial way. 

 Whilst drying, the wings should be several 

 times opened to get thi' heat. When only a 

 .sort of damp seems to remain, most people 

 think it best to placi! each bird in a chaii lined 

 basket, bedded in .^(ft .straw, like oat .straw, 

 ami leave this near the fire. TheliniiiL' of the 

 basket keeps in a gentle steain, which assists 

 the feathers in webbing together. — From 

 '•Washing Poultry for Exhibition," in Fan- 

 ciers^ Jnuriml of December. 



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