isso.j 



THE LANCASTER FARMER. 



103 



they will appraise the remainder of the herd, 

 individually, at tlieir actual or well value, 

 and if in the siihse(iuent course of the disease 

 it becomes necessary to Ivill any of the ani- 

 mals whicli were iu t»ood liealth at tlie time 

 the herd was reported, this well value will be 

 paid. Tliis makes it to the interest of the 

 owner to report promptly, for each day's 

 delay increases tlie number of diseased ani- 

 mals and reduces the amount paid, thus in- 

 creasing his loss. 



M isrepresentation. 

 In some cases the State officers have been 

 very much misrepresented, and their action 

 distorted to suit the wishes of private indi- 

 viduals, l)ut so far as known all who have 

 been directly interestedMiave been satislied witli 

 their action, and the slight cost, when com- 

 pared with that of other States, is a cause of 

 satisfaction to the taxpayers. 



they stock the wanted. Mr. Ilall continued 

 in the trade for several years, tlie best market 

 being in Lancaster county, where left handed 

 plows sold for §12. 



THE WILEY PLOW. 



Tlie late Bernard Wiley was known through- 

 out Chester county in connection with the 

 justly celebrated Wiley plow, which for many 

 years was the favorite furrow turner. Many 

 people supposed that Mr. Wiley was the in- 

 ventor of the plow, but such is not the fact. 

 The father of Beniard Wiley owTied.the farm in 

 Kennett township, on which the late Wm. 

 Cloud resided. It was an entail and had de- 

 scended to several generations. Tlie older 

 brother of Bernard was James, and by the 

 law of entailment the property became his on 

 tlie death of his father. But James held that 

 this was unjust and ofl'ered to release all inte- 

 rest in the farm if Bernard would pay him 

 half its value. This was done and James left 

 home with his money. He went to Peekskill, 

 New York, where lie purchased a foundry, 

 which, among other things, manufactured 

 plows. An apprentice in the establishment, 

 by the name of Harvey Coukling, invented a 

 plow which was conceded to be better than any- 

 thing in use. But he was without the means to 

 pusli his claim, and .Tames Wiley took out 

 letters patent in his own name, and at once 

 began the manufacture of the jilows. He car- 

 ried on the business for a number of years 

 and when he died, childless, he left his busi- 

 ness to Bernard Wiley and Harvey Conkling 

 as equal partners. Bernard went to Peekskill 

 and ren\aiued there for several years and when 

 he sold out his interest he came to Kennett 

 and set up in the same business. But he found 

 that lie could make more money by retailing 

 the (inished plows than by making them him- 

 self, and, as he controlled all this county in 

 the sale of the implements, he did not fear any 

 competition. In the meantime Hiram Hall, 

 who had been a plowmaker, having manufac- 

 tured the bar-share, many of them with wooden 

 mold-boards, set up in Kennett, where he had 

 formerly worked for Bernard. He was obliged, 

 of course, to purcha.se his castings through 

 Bernard, but as this interfered with the trade 

 of the latter the castings were very slow at 

 coming. Finally Mr. Hall mentioned his 

 trouble to Henry Brosius, a storekeeper in the 

 place, and the two men formed an alliance 

 and endeavored to buy their plows directly 

 from the factory at Peekshill. They called to 

 their aid the scholarly Samuel Martin, whom 

 they hoped would be able to write a letter that 

 would bring the manufacturer to terms, but 

 this failed. As a last resort Messrs. Hall and 

 Brosius raised J500, and giving it into the 

 hands of James Green, directed him to go to 

 Peekskill and purchase castings. He did so, 

 and to ally suspicion had them shipped to 

 Wilmington, where, however, they unluckily 

 fell into the hands of Wiley's agent, who con- 

 veyed them to his own premises. Hiram Hall 

 at once went to Wilmington and succeeded at 

 length in getting his property. When these 

 were used up, James Green was sent to Peek- 

 skill a second time. He was at once re- 

 cognized and closely questioned, and when 

 the founders discovered that the Chester coun- 

 ty plow makers were determined to have cast- 

 ings, they sent Mr. Green home with the 

 message that Hall and Brosius might have aU 



THE COMING INDUSTRY. 



The current number of the Siujar Bed is 

 an excellent one. It is liKed with practical 

 articles relative to tne best methods of culti- 

 vating the sugar beet and the latest methods 

 of sugar making. It is invaluable to all those 

 who have any desire to enter upon the culti- 

 vation of what we believe will be one of the 

 crops of the future in this State. In the 

 present issue there are many articles that 

 have a most important bearing upon all that 

 pertains to the growing of the beet and tlie 

 manufacture of its juices into sugar. The 

 soil that gives the best results and the tillage 

 required are clearly set forth. 



Few persons are aware of the vast extent 

 this industry has reached in Europe. For 

 their information we give the product of the 

 principal beet-sugar making countries for the 

 season of 1879-80, as estimated by the best 

 authorities. Germany stands at the head of 

 the list with 410,000 tons ; Austria-Hungary 

 comes ne.Kt with 385,000 tons ; France follows 

 with 270,000 tons ; Russia with 225,000, and 

 Belgium and Holland with 85,000 tons be- 

 tween them, making a grand total of 2,750,- 

 000,000 pounds. New factories are going up 

 in many parts of Germany, and Switzerland 

 is about to erect several Jarge establishments. 



Europe, with a climate in nowise better 

 adapted to the growing of sugar beets, now 

 exports sugar largely, sending it to Egypt, 

 Syria and'Persia. If on her limited soil all 

 this is possible, what may not American 

 farmers and American enterprise do on our 

 wide expanse of territory and our great range 

 of climate ? The greatest drawback to sugar 

 making from beets in this country is the at- 

 tempts of novices. AV'liile it can be made 

 profitable in skillful hands, there is no quicker 

 way of sinking money than for amateurs to 

 go into the business. We are so progressive 

 that we are not satisfied to adopt the methods 

 of the foreign manufacturers who have been 

 successful, but we at once begin to improve 

 upon their plans, witliout really knowing half 

 as much as they do. We are still iu the in- 

 fancy of tlie business, both as regards beet 

 growing and sugar making, and until we .at- 

 tain something like years of maturity we 

 •should be satisfied to hasten slowly. Repeated 

 misfortunes and disappointments at this early 

 stage will do more to discourage the beet 

 sugar enterprise than all cau.ses combined. 

 As we are beginners, let us be content to 

 learn. Let our farmers take up the cultiva- 

 tion of tliis crop and pursue it steadily, aim- 

 ing to increase the 'amount grown per acre 

 and the saccharine qualities of their beets. 

 Let them take and read the journals devoted 

 to this interest and their success is assured. — 

 Laiicaster New Era. 



[BLACK WALNUT FOR ENGLAND. 



The Des Moines (Iowa) Slate Be(jiMa\ in a 

 recent issue, says : 



The lumber dealers of England are making 

 a grand raid on Iowa and all the black wal- 

 nut States, and are fast taking from us all 

 that we have left of that timber. The native 

 forests in Ohio and Indiana were rich with 

 this now precious wood, and the early settlers 

 of those States, in clearing the laud for agri- 

 cultural purposes, destroyed luimberless thous- 

 ands of altres of the timber, little thinking 

 that in doing so they were destroying that 

 which in a few years w'ould have made their 

 lands more valuable than gold or lead mines. 

 The havoc of timber in Ohio and Indiana — 

 the settlers there spending nearly a hundred 

 years in destroying the woods with which 

 they found the surface covered— girdling and 

 killing tlie great forests one year and burning 

 them the next — is one of the queer things in 

 American liistory as it is now looked at. The 

 magnitude of it young people now and all the 

 people of the future will never realize. It 

 was an enormous destruction of values, the 



total of which may lie estimated at hundreds 

 of millions of dollars. But it was inevitable. 

 For, although west of Indiana and Ohio there 

 were the known open fields and boundless^ 

 prairies making up the whole new Northwest,* 

 where the land lay ready for the plow when 

 the settlers first set foot on it, there was then 

 no iron horse to make it, in tliis far-away lo- 

 cation from the maikets of the world, avail- 

 able. So it Was ignored, and two generations 

 of industrious people spent their lives and 

 wore them out in the pitiless toil of hewing 

 farms out of the den.se forests of (Jhio and 

 Indiana. To the people of the present these 

 seventy-five years of steady assault on the 

 forests seem like a seventy-five years' war 

 and havoc. For it is estimated by good 

 judges that if the Slates of Ohio and Iniiiana 

 stood covered now with their native forests, 

 they would be worth more in actual value 

 than they are as they stand to-day. The de- 

 struction has but lately stojiped. The writer 

 here has seen in the last twenty years this 

 destruction going on in Indiana — in the great 

 woods of .lennings and Hartholomew coun- 

 ties. The eighty acres of walnut and poplar 

 that the settler 1;lien spent six or eight years 

 of hard labor to destroy, would noW make 

 him rich, and be worth .far more than his 

 cleared farm — and that was only twenty years 

 ago, when there was !iot this one excuse^ that 

 there were no railroads to take settlers to the 

 open land, where the soil was still richer and 

 there were no forests to fell. 



But we are writing of this English raid on 

 Iowa. It is a raid to take from us what of 

 black walnut we have left. The traveler 

 along the railroads of this State sees now, at 

 nearly every important station, a little out- 

 door steam saw-mill working away like mad, 

 ripping up black walnut logs into great slabs. 

 All over the West, iu the black walnut belt, 

 these little saw-mills are cutting up into a cer- 

 tain form of broad and thick slaljs all the 

 black walnut that can be got hold of. A large 

 and wealthy corporation of Indianapolis men, 

 co-operating with a comiiany of English capi- 

 talists, are the proprietors of these mills. 

 They have their buyers out at every little 

 station, and in the rural districts, and where- 

 ever tlie smallest patch of black walnut can 

 be found. Two of these little mills are now 

 tearing away in the city of Des Moines, 

 another at Mitcliellville, and all that we have 

 left of this valuable timber in Polk county 

 and Central Iowa is fast passing under their 

 saws, coming out liroad slabs, and going 

 thence directly on the cars on their way to 

 England, where, in their greater wisdom, the 

 people have come to know that black walnut 

 wood is already as valuable, because of its 

 durability, beauty and growing scarcity, as 

 mahogany. It is a general raid all over the 

 West, and our farmers, if they knew of the 

 scheme, would not sell their walnut tree.s as 

 they are selling them now, for a mere tithe of 

 what they are really worth. 



THE SNAIL AND ITS SHELL. 



A writer in G<iod WonU says : This needful 

 portion of the snail's structure is secreted 

 from the surface of the mantle. First a 

 simple cell is produced, and this is afterward 

 filled with calcareoous matter, extracted by 

 the wondrous chemistry of animal life from 

 the vegetable on which the snail has fed. 

 These vegetables, in their turn, have first ex- 

 tracted it from the earth. It is evident that 

 shells of snails must differ in accordance with 

 the soil. About Sheffield, I am told that 

 snails are extremely rare ; while on chalk 

 downs they absolutcl swarm, existing in such 

 numbers that the celebrated "Southdown" 

 sheep are thought to derive the peculiar flavor 

 of their fiesli from the snails which the sheep 

 arc obliged to consume while grazing. In the 

 formation of the shell it is found that the 

 edge of the mantle is employed in the en- 

 largement and coloring of the shell, while 

 the other portions are used in thickening it. 

 Thus it is that the interior layers of the shell, 

 which are deposited by the central part of the 

 mantle, have no color, and are simply white. 



