appliances. In this as in other matters, they have got to be 

 habituated to see the advantage of using machanical appli- 

 ances before they begin to take to them. Even when the 

 advantage of some mechanical appliance or some new method 

 has been demonstrated to them, they are apt to fall back on 

 their own old appliances and the methods to which they had 

 been accustomed. In dealing with Indian raiyats the ques- 

 tions of habit and of local influence are of considerable 

 importance. 



142. Bullock-power. Bengal bullock-power may be 

 ascertained in the following way : A pair of Bengal bullocks, 

 it may be observed, walk about 66 ft. per minute while plough- 

 ing, the draught exerted being about 100 Ibs. The fields 

 of the Sibpur Farm being all 66 ft. wide the facts stated here 

 have been constantly tested. The work done per minute by a 

 pair of Bengal bullocks is therefore 66 X 100=6600 ft. -Ibs. per 

 minute, i.e. 3300 ft. -Ibs. per bullock per minute. The work done 

 by one English farm-horse can be similarly ascertained to be 

 about 33,000 ft. -Ibs. (which is the theoretical H.P., the unit of 

 measurement for steam and other high powers ). The Bengal 

 bullock therefore performs ten times less work than the 

 English farm horse. The actual horse or bullock-power is 

 only frds of the nominal horse or bullock-power, as in the 

 above calculation no account is taken of loss of time in 

 turning, for stoppages while the ploughman is smoking &o. 

 So compared to Watt's Horse-power or theoretical H.P. the 

 actual English horse-power and Bengal bullock-power are 

 respectively as 33,000 : 22,000 : 2,200 ft. -Ibs. 



143. Draught animals do not perform the same amount 

 of work while working a chain pump or thrashing machine 

 by walking round and round a track, as they do while plough- 

 ing, ist the position of the animals in a bullock-gear is in- 

 convenient ; 2ndly, they cannot exert their full power in a 

 bullock-gear ; and 3rdly force is lost by pulling at an angle. 



144. In England a pair of horses is calculated as suffici- 



