1*7 



steam-power, at a distance of seven miles from the district 

 in which it is utilized. In France also, water-power is utilized 

 by means of turbines in generating electricity from dynamos 

 attached to the turbines. Electric cables carried along from 

 tree to tree supply power to homesteads where it is utilized 

 either for tillage or for barn-door operations. Electricity 

 has been most successfully employed for ordinary agricultural 

 work in M. Plat's Estate at Enguibaud in the province of 

 Tarn, and future developments in European agriculture are 

 likely to be mainly in the electrical department. But the 

 subject is too abstruse and remote for detailed consideration 

 in this country, as yet, and we mention it here simply for 

 giving the subject of motive powers a semblance of complete 

 treatment. One point should be however borne in mind, that 

 an Indian capitalist going in for farming should first look 

 to a running stream of water for his ultimate motive power, 

 whatever shape the motive power may take in course of time. 



CHAPTER XI L 



PLOUGHS AND PLOUGHING. 



Indian plough. 



Indian plough, consisting of a tongue of wood fitted 

 with an iron tooth, a stilt for holding and a pole for 

 attachment of bullocks, works the soil to a depth of only 3 to 

 5 inches. This primitive implement however varies, very 

 much in weight, size and form, and some are very much more 

 effective than others. The Rungpur and Jalpaiguri ploughs 

 which are least efficient scratch only about 2 inches of the 

 soil, while the heavy Bundelkhand plough, weighing nearly 

 3J maunds stirs the soil to a depth of 9 inches or a foot. 

 This latter implement is worked by 3 pairs of oxen and 9 

 men, and cultivators club together to use one another's 

 bullocks in their fields. The Bihar ploughs generally are 

 heavier and more effective than the Bengal ploughs, and they 



