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shallower he sinks the small wheel an inch down. In the 

 case of the swing-plough the experienced ploughman adjusts 

 the depth by raising or lowering the bridle. The beam in 

 the case of the wheel-plough is a little curved towards the 

 furrow side, and the line of draught is a little higher than in 

 the case of the swing-plough as the depth is automatically 

 adjusted by the difference between the diameters of the two 

 wheels. There is usually a second coulter called the skim- 

 coulter in front of the ordinary coulter which skims dung 

 &c., and spreads them out. The wheel-plough though heavier 

 and costlier ( about 6 to 8 being the price in England ), is 

 lighter in draught and it is easier for the man also to work 

 it. Shallow ploughing can be done more easily with the 

 wheel-plough, which regulates depths to a nicety, than with 

 the swing-plough. The swing-plough requires to be handled 

 by expert ploughmen. But there is waste of time in adjust- 

 ing the depth in the case of the wheel-plough. In the hands 

 of a good ploughman the swing-plough works at different 

 depths with sufficient evenness for all practical purposes. 

 Then the wheels get clogged in wet weather ; and for steep 

 and rough (i.e. stony) soils, the wheel-plough is unsuitable. 

 The cost of a wheel-pi jugh is also prohibitive for our 

 cultivators, though where the land is suitable and where the 

 workmen are not clever, the wheel-plough comes cheap in the 

 long run. Besides, the wheels with the axle-bars and uprights 

 may be taken off and the plougii used as au ordinary swing- 

 plough, A swing-plough of very much simpler construction 

 but containing all the essential parts, i.e. the share, mould- 

 board, coulter and an adjustable bridle, ought to be introduc- 

 ed into this country. The advantage of wheel-plough over 

 swing-plough in traction is 10 to 15 per cent. In the swing 

 plough the share and the coulter absorb 44 per cent, of the 

 friction or resistance, the sole 15 per cent., the cheek-plate 

 35 per cent, and the mould-board 6 per cent. The directions 

 of resistance are in three planes; (i) the perpendicular 



