resistance which passes through the plough nearer the land 

 than the furrow side; (2) the horizontal resistance which is 

 along the sole-plate and (3) the curved resistance which 

 follows the course of the outer surface of the mould-board. 



172. Draught. -The weight of the plough in the case of 

 European and American ploughs contributes from 34 1050 per 

 cent, of its draught. The shape of the mould-board also affects 

 the draught considerably, but the depth and width of the fur- 

 row and the nature of the soil chiefly influence the draught. 

 A long and gradually curved mould-board offers the least 

 resistance, a point which is generally overlooked in the con- 

 struction of improved ploughs for India. Dry clay soil offers 

 very strong resistance, if the mould-board is not of the right 

 shape. The draught of ploughs, harrows and other iimple- 

 ments is measured by the dynamometer which is only a spring- 

 balance of a special construction. The draught of Madras 

 ploughs has been found to vary from 280 to 390 Ibs. Some 

 experiments conducted at the Cawnpore Farm showed that 

 draught of ploughs for up-country bullocks should not exceed 

 126 Ibs. Madras bullocks are very much superior to up-country 

 bullocks, and these latter are somewhat better than Bengal 

 bullocks. The draught of a plough in Bengal should not ex- 

 ceed roolbs. The draught on fallow land is considerably 

 higher than that in tilth, and it is therefore easy with a 

 country or an improved plough to plough half-an acre a day 

 when ploughing for the second or third time, though it is 

 difficult to do one-third of an acre at the first ploughing. 

 With a wheel or swing plough as much as one acre can 

 be ploughed per diem. 



173. As the draught for ploughs used in Bengal should 

 not exceed 100 Ibs. and as the dead weight of a plough pro- 

 perly constructed should account for only 34 to 50 per cent., 

 or say, about 40 per cent, of the draught, the ordinary swing- 

 ploughs or wheel-ploughs which are over 300 Ibs. in weight are 

 clearly unsuitable for use in this country, though a strong 



