[ '45 ] 



thus the ground disintegrated in a far more thorough manner 

 than is possible with any other plough. 



If one were asked to judge a competition in ploughing, 

 one should mark the following points : 



(1) Whether the furrow-slices are clean cut on land side 

 and the bottom. 



(2) Whether they are laid regularly and compactly one 

 against another at an angle of 45. 



(3) Whether grass, stubbles and weeds are turned in and 

 covered. 



(4) Whether the upper ages of the furrow-slices are on 

 a level, so that an even seed-bed may be formed by 

 harrowing. 



(5) Whether furrows are straight and finished regularly 

 at the ends. 



(6) Whether the <l Hintin-Furrow-slice" or the last furrow- 

 slice, is properly turned out and about the size of the rest. 



(7) Whether the depth has been regulated according to 

 the nature of the soil and the crop to be grown and for the 

 time of the year, 4" to 9" being the limit for this country. 



(8) Whether the proportion between depth and width of 

 the furrow-slices tuned over is as 7 : 10. 



1 86. To understand the English system of ploughing) 

 it is necessary to comprehend a number of technical terms. 

 These are (i) Crown, (2) Open furrow, (3) Gathering, 

 (4) Splitting, and (5) Peering. 



(1) The 'Crown' is the highest line of the ridge, run- 

 ning up the middle of one unit of a field under tilth, all the 

 furrow slices sloping up towards it. 



(2) The ' Open-furrow ' is the depression between two 

 ridges, the furrow-slices slanting away from this. 



(3) 'Gathering' is the name given to the system of 

 ploughing in which the horses always turn towards the 

 crown. When ploughing round and round by 'gathering ' goes 



S 



