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kept on basket and if clean river water (slightly acidulated, 

 as alkaline water washes out the red dye) be poured on them 

 yellow dye will be found coming out. Trampling or kneeding 

 is continued at intervals while the yellow dye is being 

 washed out, the operation taking 3 or 4 days, the mass being 

 allowed to get dry between the washings. To ascertain if all 

 the yellow colour has been removed, a small quantity of the 

 stuff is thrown into a glass of clean water and it is seen if any 

 yellow colour comes out. The pulpy mass is now squeezed 

 between the hands into small, flat, round cakes, which when 

 dry are sold in the market or exported as " stripped safflower." 



407. The quality of safflower cake is estimated by dyeing 

 a known weight of cotton. 4 ounces of safflower will dye 

 i Ib. of cotton cloth light pink ; 8 ozs. will dye it rose pink ; 

 12 ozs. to i Ib. will dye it full crimson. The cotton must be 

 dyed several times in fresh solutions that it may take up the 

 whole of the dye. The red dye of safflower is Carthamin or 

 Carthamic acid (CuHieOr). Cold water or oil removes only one 

 of the two yellow dyes in safflower which form 26 to 36 per 

 cent, of the weight of the dry florets, while there is only 

 3 to -6 per cent, of Carthamin. The second yellow dye is re- 

 moved in this way. Acidulate with acetic acid the Cfc stripped 

 safflower," filter, add acetate of lead and then ammonia to the 

 filtrate and the second yellow colour will be precipitated along 

 with lead salt. To extract carthamin in a pure state take carbo- 

 nate of soda (washing soda), 15 per cent, of the weight of 

 florets, after both the yellow dyes have been got rid of ; 

 digest the florets in the alkaline solution ; filter and then pre- 

 cipitate the dye (which is insoluble in acids) by addition 

 of an acid. In India pearlash from bajra or saji is used 

 for obtaining the red dye. 



408. Oil. The dry husk is removed by pounding in 

 dhenki. The oil is expressed in ghani. i mnd. of seed yields 

 7 srs. of oil, 14 srs. of oil-cake and 19 srs. of husk. The oil- 

 cake is considered a very good manure for sugar-cane, &c. 



