f 



urine and human urine are very similar in 

 composition, especially in the high percentage of P 2 O 5 . 

 Sheep's urine is the most concentated, then horse-urine, then 

 the urine of ox and last of all pig and human urine. Cow- 

 dung contains the largest proportion of water and is poorest 

 in N of all the dungs. Horse-dung is drier and richer. Sheep's 

 dung is the richest. Bird's dung and insect droppings are 

 still richer in N, K 2 O and P 2 O 5 . In order of value, insect drop- 

 pings come first, then bird's dung and bat's dung, then sheep's 

 dung and goat's dung, then horse's dung, pig's dung and human 

 dung, and last of all dung of oxen and buffaloes. The principal 

 differences in composition between dung and urine, besides 

 the difference in the proportion of water, are: (i) Urine is 

 richer in N (except in the case of pig-urine) and in alkaline 

 salts, (KsO and Nag O), while dung is richer in the earthy salts 

 (Ca and Mg) and phosphates. (2) Si O 2 is abundantly present 

 in dung of animals chiefly because they eat a lot of earth with 

 their food. 



840. As the watery'portion of urine and dung evaporates, 

 urine gets richer and richer in N than dung, over 90 % of 

 urine being water while dung contains 70 to 75 % of moisture. 

 In allowing urine to get evaporated and concentrated, fermen- 

 tation must be kept in check by adopting a quick method of 

 evaporation, or by using an antiseptic substance. 



841. Adult animals void a larger amount of nutritive 

 matter than growing animals or animals in milk. The latter 

 use up a good deal of phosphates, N and mineral salts 

 required for the formation of bones, blood, and muscles, or 

 milk. Pregnant animals and lean animals also absorb a good 

 deal of nutriment and their excrements are poorer than those 

 of fat animals. 



842. Animals poorly fed (only on straw and ripe grass) 

 yield poor manure. Animals fed on carrots, oats, pulses, 

 chaff, bran, fresh green herbage and specially oil-cake, yield 

 richer manure, 



