on the two sides of the drain. (6, The manure pit should be at 

 a sufficient distance from the cow-house, 60 to 100 ft. away, 

 if possible. The criterion for judging the sanitary state of a 

 cow-house or bullock-shed is sweetness. If it smells sweet, 

 the sanitary arrangement is all right ; if it smells offensive, 

 it is not all right. 



997. Bulls are not given any special food but they usually 

 live on the fat of the land by sheer force, being surrounded 

 by a halo of religious sanctity. They need not get any better 

 food than bullocks and they should be kept With bullocks and 

 given light work, and allowed to breed when required after 

 they are 3 years old. They should be allowed to breed only 

 up to the 6th year of their age. 



998. Age. The age of cattle is determined by looking 

 at their teeth. They have 8 incisor teeth all placed at the 

 lower jaw there being no teeth on the upper jaw, which is 

 provided with a 'dental pad.' Up to the" age of 2\ they are 

 milk-teeth. Between the age of 2\ and 3 the middle pair falls 

 off and is replaced by a permanent pair. Between the age 

 of 3 and 3!, or at most 4, the 2nd pair is replaced, and in the 

 beginning of the 5th year the 3rd pair is replaced. The 

 fourth pair is replaced similarly towards the end of the 5th 

 year, when all the permanent teeth are complete. After this 

 there is no definite means of determining age from teeth. 

 The wearing of the teeth gives some indication of age but 

 after the 6th year age must be determined by looking at the 

 rings on the horns. This is not a very satisfactory method 

 either. In the case of a cow, each ring is taken to den'ote 

 one calving. 



999. Castration. Castration should be performed in 

 winter on animals about 2\ years old. If they are castrated 

 early, the operation is easier but the animal loses all spirit 

 and courage and becomes very feminine, while its neck be- 

 comes thin which is very cbjectionable for draught purposes. 

 Castration by crushing or hammering with a wooden mallet 



