t 683 ] 



tricle ; their hloorl is cold, and the only limbs they have are 

 fins. 



1. 1 88. Amphibia. Frogs, toads and water lizards or 

 newts breathe first by gills and afterwards by lungs or by 

 both lungs and gills. The skull has two condyles ; the heart 

 has two auricles but one ventricle, their limbs are never fins. 



1.189. Reptilia. These include the tortoise, vipers, 

 lizards, and crocodiles, also the extinct saurians, such as 

 Pterodactyle, Ichthiosaurus, Pleseosaurus &c. Respiration 

 is never by gills ; the blood is cold ; the skull has only one 

 condyle ; the integumentary covering consists either of scales 

 or plates, but never of feathers. 



1.190. Aves. Birds have their lungs connected with air- 

 sacs ; the heart is four-chambered as in the higher vertebrata ; 

 the blood is very warm which facilitates brooding ; their 

 bodies are covered with feathers ; the forelimbs are modified 

 in the form of wings; the skull has only one condyle ; the 

 eye-balls are protected by the membrana nictitans. Birds 

 are classified as, (a] Runners (e.g. ostrich) ; (b} Swimmers 

 (e.g. ducks, penguins, gulls, petrels) ; (c) Waders (e.g. cranes, 

 herons, snipes, curlews, plovers) ; (d) Scratchers (e.g. fowl, 

 pigeon, pheasant, grouse); (e) Climbers (e.g. parrot, cuckoo, 

 wood-pecker) ; (f) Perchers (e.g. crows, finches, linnets, larks, 

 thrushes, swallows, kingfishers ; and (g) Birds of prey (e.g. 

 owls, hawks, eagles, kites, vultures). 



1.191. Mammalia. The lungs are without air-sacs; the 

 bodies are covered with hair or wool ; the skull has two con- 

 dyles ; the animals have mammary glands. Mammalia are 

 classified under two heads, viz , Non-placental (e g. Kan- 

 garoos), and Placental. Of Placental animals the following 

 groups may be mentioned : 



(a) Cetacea (e.g. whale and dolphin) ; 



(b) Ungulata (e.g. horse and ass and hog) ; 



(c) Ruminantia (e.g. oxen, deer, sheep and goats) ; 



(d) Pachydermata (elephant and rhinoceros; ; 



