THE INTELLIGENCE OF ' 'THE LOWER ANIMALS". 89 



procedure is admirably adapted to secure the desired 

 cocoons. For the nest of Formica fusca, the princi- 

 pal auxiliary of Formica sanguinea, is in most cases 

 not very large, and its inhabitants are cowards, at 

 least if alone. Thus it happens that a few of the 

 Formica sanguinea are sufficient to bring about a 

 universal flight. If, consequently, Formica sanguinea 

 would not divide its army, but make its attack with 

 all the forces, this kind of action would not only 

 waste the strength of the aggressive power, but also 

 most probably result in little success. For, ere the 

 Formica sanguinea could have succeeded in reaching 

 the interior of the hostile nest, the majority of the 

 fleet-footed Formica fusca would most probably have 

 left it. 



But, however imposing the wonderful array of the 

 apparently intelligent actions of the Formica sanguinea 

 may be, it can be easily shown that there is no more 

 intelligence in them than in Polyergus. For the pur- 

 pose of proving this statement we intend to refer to 

 the relation existing between the Formica sanguinea 

 and one of its lavorites, tJie beetle "Lomechusa strum- 

 osa." This most interesting relation was discovered 

 and described by Eric Wasmann, S.J. , x ) and has of 

 late been verified with reference to the respective rep- 



*) Of the numerous publications of E. Wasmann, S.J., on 

 this subject, we mention especially "Vergleichende Studien 

 ueber das Seelenleben der Ameisen und der hoeheren Tiere" 

 (Herder), 2d ed., 1900. Moreover, "Die Ergatogynen Formen 

 bei den Ameisen und ihre Erklaerung," Biologisches Cen- 

 tralbl., XV., pp. 606-646, and "Neue Bestaetigungen der Lome- 

 chusa-Pseudogynentheorie," Verhandlungen der Deutschen 

 Zoologischen Gesellschaft, 1902, pp. 98-108, etc. 



