THE INTELLIGENCE OF ' 'THE LOWER ANIMALS". 91 



grave, however, it does not return to dust, but having 

 spun a dense web or cocoon around itself, it soon 

 changes its bulky form into the so-called pupa, indi- 

 cating in more or less distinct outlines the form and 

 structure of the future beetle. Finally, the periods of 

 development come to an end. The pupa tries to ex- 

 tricate itself from the narrow confinement of its little 

 house and makes its appearance as a lively beetle, 

 somewhat smaller than represented in the accompany- 

 ing illustration (Plate IV, Fig. 1). 



Now, in supporting its guest, the Formica san- 

 guinea, as a rule, commits two blunders betraying such 

 a profound stupidity as to furnish us very clear 

 proof that in those ants not a trace of consciousness 

 of final tendency can be found. 



For, in the first place, through the hospitality ac- 

 corded to the I,omechusa, the Formica sanguinea 

 bring about the ruin of their colony and the gradual ex- 

 tinction of their species. This is done in a twofold 

 way. 



(1) There is perhaps no animal which cares so 

 much for its young as does the ant. For no sooner 

 is the nest attacked than its inhabitants before all else 

 hurry off with their tender young to a place of secur- 

 ity. And not unfrequently they suffer themselves to 

 be deprived of head and limb rather than deliver up 

 the larvae to the enemy. Even if placed in a vial 

 filled with alcohol, they may often be found still hold- 

 ing the dead larvae between their mandibles. And 

 yet, what a strange spectacle do we behold! The 

 ants which were wont to defend their young with so 

 much enthusiasm and bravery have undergone a com- 



