THE INTELLIGENCE OF THE ' ' HIGHER ANIMALS. ' ' 101 



almost humanlike visage of the Chimpanzee." *) 

 But we prefer to make use of the strictly scientific 

 experi ments of Prof . Thorndike, firstly, because they are 

 very simple and entirely free from any subjective ele- 

 ment; secondly, because they admit of no doubt what- 

 ever as to the reality of the facts as well us to their 

 interpretation. 



For many reasons Prof. Thorndike finds fault with 

 most of the modern books on animal intelligence. 

 These books, he says, do not give us a psychology , but 

 rather a eulogy of animals. They have all been about 

 animal intelligence, never about animal stupidity. 

 Moreover, according to him, the facts have generally 

 been derived from anecdotes which give really the ab- 

 normal or supernormal psychology of animals. Fin- 

 ally, even with good observers often only a single case 

 is studied, the conditions of the case are not perfectly 

 regulated, and the previous history of the animal in 

 question is not known. Hence there is no sufficient 

 reason for generalization, nor can the influence of 

 previous experiences be estimated. All these various 

 faults Thorndike wishes to avoid, and in our opinion 

 he has succeeded admirably. 



) "Illustrierte Naturgeschichte der Tiere," Leipzig, 1882, 

 p. 11. It is, of course, evident at what Mr. Chimpanzee really 

 smiled! Many authors like Martin maintain that monkeys 

 use sticks and stones as weapons and give similar evidence of 

 intelligence. This is not so. No less an authority than the 

 editor of the third edition of Brehm's "Tierleben," Mr. Pech- 

 nel-Iyoesche, who has made most careful observation to this 

 effect in the southwestern part of Africa assures us that, as a 

 matter of fact, monkeys "never do such a thing". Animals 

 do not understand the use of tools. 



