110 THE HUMANIZING OF THE BRUTE. 



Thorndike's method to monkeys, and with the same 

 result. There was not even the semblance of thought 

 to be noticed; less adapted methods were not replaced 

 by more improved ones; the monkeys did not experi- 

 ment, did not know how to make use of favorable cir- 

 cumstances to obtain a definite end; the female utterly 

 failed to learn by imitating the male. All was wild 

 and restless activity without reflection. 



The same conclusion is reached by Mr. Hob- 

 house, who after numerous experiments declares that 

 the highest animals grasp events merely in concrete 

 series, so far as they are relevant to immediate practi- 

 cal interests. "Caution, cunning and sagacity of the 

 kind which 'animal stories' are so full do not as a 

 rule imply anything more or less than the "concrete 

 experience,' that we have described." Hobhouse 

 explicitly states that the "world of ideas" or of uni- 

 versals is "the distinctive property of humanity." x ) 



Nor can examples like that- of "Clever Hans" be 

 accepted as proofs of animal intelligence. It is true 

 that von Osten's famous stallion performed actions 

 that seemed to manifest a degree of intelligence per- 

 haps never recorded of any other animal. But a 

 scientific test of the performances of Clever Hans has 

 shown that they must be explained without appealing 

 to any reasoning faculty. Dr. Stumpf, president of the 

 Psychological Institute of Berlin, writes as follows: 2 ) 



Clever Hans was examined experimentally by Dr. 

 E. von Hornbostel, O. Pfungst, and myself. The 

 horse was at our disposal even in the case of his own- 



') Mind in Evolution, p. 281, p. 298. 



2 ) E. Wasmann, Instinkt und Intelligenz, 3. ed., p. 220. 



