THE INTELLIGENCE OF THE "HIGHER ANIMALS". Ill 



er's absence. The result of our inquiry is as follows: 

 If the solution of a problem is not known to anyone 

 present, Hans is unable to find it. Hence Hans is un- 

 able to count, figure, and read himself. Moreover, Hans 

 is unable to solve a problem, if he cannot see the persons 

 who know the solution of the problem. l ) Hence, Hans 

 depends on optical assistance. But this assistance is, 

 in the present case, of a merely instinctive character. 

 In the course of a long training the horse has become 

 acquainted with the slightest changes of bodily posi- 

 tion, accompanying the thoughts and reasoning of his 

 master. Mr. Pfungst, whose observing powers con- 

 cerning very short impressions of sight have been es- 

 pecially well developed on account of a long laboratory 

 1 ) The following facts originally published in the weekly 

 edition of the Koelnische Volkszeitung are suggestive: 



1. A watch was presented to "clever Hans." Without 

 conedscending to look at it, he immediately gave the correct 

 answer by stamping eleven times it happened to be 11 

 o'clock. I repeat, the animal did not even glance at the 

 watch. 



2. Mr. X, who was among the spectators, wrote an example 

 of arithmetic on a slip of paper in such a way that no one 

 present, not ever the owner of the horse, knew the figures of 

 the problem. The paper was then presented to the horse 

 with the request to paw the solution. The animal started 

 pawing ad infinitum. 



3. On a certain wall near by fourteen boys were sitting in 

 two rows. Hans was asked by Mr. Schillings how many 

 boys were sitting on the wall. Without really looking in the 

 direction of the wall and counting, Hans pawed fourteen 

 times. 



4. Another time, a captain of the army gave Hans a very 

 simple problem in addition, but made sure that his owner 

 could not influence the horse. Hans failed completely. 

 Then the owner got hold of him, and lo! Hans solved the 

 problem correctly. (Koeln. Volksz. No. 36, p. S.)J 



