THE INTELLIGENCE OP THE ' ' HIGHER ANIMALS' ' . 113 



ed even so simple a tool as the ancestors of the human 

 race employed during the so-called stone-age of the 

 Paleolithic epoch, this the reason why they are incap- 

 able of rational language. Parrots may be trained to 

 utter articulate sounds and even entire phrases. In 

 general, there is perhaps no class of animals that could 

 not furnish a great many external signs as a foundation 

 for intellectual intercommunication. But the invention 

 of tools as well as of language implies the knowledge 

 of the universal, which is the "distinctive property of 

 humanity. " 



CONCLUSION. 



Animals, then, do not possess intelligence in its gen- 

 uine meaning. They are mere sense-beings. But this 

 inevitably leads to ' 'the admission of a qualitive differ- 

 ence between the human and animal psyche. ' ' For, 

 as we have proved before, the specific actions of man 

 and animal are essentially different from each other. 

 Even "plastic instinct" or "simple intelligence," as 

 others call it, is but a material faculty, intrinsically de- 

 pendent on the nervous system, whereas the intellect 

 with its true intelligent actions is of an immaterial, a 

 spiritual nature. Consequently, there is an essential, a 

 qualitative difference between the human and the animal 

 soul. For, as a being acts, so it is. 



Moreover, it is equally plain that we must reject the 

 supposition of Wundt and of almost all modern scient- 

 ists, that the psychic faculties of man have been evolved 

 from the psychic faculties of the animal. Such an evolu- 

 tion of "mere association" to "conscious intellectual 

 activity," x ) of "nature" to "culture," x ) would be 



1 ) Wilhelm Wundt, "Vorlesungen ueber die Menschen 



