the sun may shine, still his crops are at the mercy of his 

 insect enemies, and he reaps a paying crop, or is ruined at 

 the sweet will of despicable intruders who make up in num- 

 bers what they lack in strength." 



The preparations and instruments for combating injurious 

 insects and fungi have multiplied at an exceptional rate dur- 

 ing the past five or six years. A good many of those now 

 sold have stood the test of real use in the garden and 

 orchard, and some of them are doubtless to be considered a 

 permanent part of the farmer's equipment for the successful 

 prosecution of his profession. 



Prof. C. M. AVeed, in Bulletin, Vol. III., No. 4, Ohio 

 Agricultural Experiment Station, April, 1890, says : " The 

 introduction of the spraying machine into American horti- 

 culture marks an advance almost as important as was marked 

 by the advent of the improved cultivators into our agricult- 

 ure. Before the latter were introduced the weeds that 

 infest the soil were fought by the hand- hoe, but now a single 

 team does the work of many men. In the same way, until 

 recently, various laborious and partially effective methods 

 were used in fighting noxious insects and destructive fungi ; 

 but now many foes of both these classes are fought on a 

 large scale by the force-pump and spray-nozzle, and every 

 season adds others to the list of those against which this 

 method may be successfully used. With a large class of 

 farmers and fruit growers spraying has become a recog- 

 nized part of the season's operations." 



Insect Life. 



Before considering remedies it will be well to notice 

 briefly the stages in insect life. 



' ' The larva or caterpillar is the first stage of the insect 

 after it is hatched from the egg. The pupa or chrysalis is 

 the next stage ; during this period the insect is inactive and 

 does not eat. The imago or perfect insect is the highest 

 stage in the development. According to its classification 

 this form is generally known as a beetle, a moth or a butter- 

 fly. In this form onlj^ can sexes be distinguished, and in 

 this form only is reproduction possible. These transforma- 

 tions require a relatively short time, and several generations 



