BRITISH ISLES. 16 



movements during tlie Recent Period. Journ. Roy. Geol. Soc. Ire- 

 land, ser. 2, vol. iv. pt. 1. pp. 31-36 (woodcut) ; and Geol. Mag. 

 dec. 2, vol. i. pp. 210-215. 

 The Bay of Tramore is cut off by a sand ridge from an old estuary. 

 At various places around this, and at heights from 2 to 10 feet above 

 high-water mark, traces of a raised beach are found — layers of sand and 

 gravel, with recent shells, being found resting on Boulder Clay, vege- 

 table soil, or, in one instance, peat-bog. At the southern corner of the 

 estuary near the town there is a partially submerged and silt-covered 

 bog. The author gives details and sections, and considers that the facts 

 warrant the conclusion that there have been at least three oscillatory 

 movements of depression and emergence, the peaty and vegetable layers 

 denoting land-surfaces, the shelly gravels being shore-deposits. This 

 seems to bear out the theory of Mr. T. M. Reade on the frequency of 

 such former movements in the estuaries of the Mersey, Dee, and Ribble. 

 The shelly gravels of Dundalk, and the peat and silt underlying Belfast, 

 are doubtless due to similar causes, while a good instance is furnished 

 by the estuary of "Wexford, where thick peat is found under 16 feet of 

 mud. E. T. H. 



Haekness, Prof. R. On the occurrence of Faults in the Permian 

 Rocks of the lower portion of the vale of the Eden, Cumberland. 

 Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1873, Sections, p. 81. 



The composition of the Lower Permian rocks between Kirkby Stephen 

 and Armathwaite is described. The strike of the beds here is N.N.W.; 

 if this continued along the vale of the Eden the neighbourhood of Ar- 

 mathwaite and Ainstable would have been occupied by the Corby sand- 

 stones (Upper Permian) ; but the Penrith sandstones (Lower Permian) 

 are here extensively developed. The author infers a N.E. and S.W. 

 fault here, with an upthrow on the N.W. side. Other faults are de- 

 scribed lower down the Eden, one of which brings purplish -white 

 sandstones and grey shales, of Carboniferous age, near to the Upper 

 Permian. W. T. 



Haemer, F. W. The result of the Geological Survey of the Eastern 

 Counties by Mr. S. V. Wood, Jun., and himself. (Norwich Geol. 

 Soc.) Eastern Daily Press, April 11. 

 Mr. Harmer exhibited a geological map, on the scale of an inch to 

 the mile, and a number of sections illustrative of the structure of the 

 Crag and Glacial beds of the district. The remarks made were a sum- 

 mary of the paper on the Upper Tertiaries of the east of England, pub- 

 lished by the Palasontographical Society in 1873. F. W. H. 



Ha-vves, William. On the Channel Tunnel. Journ. Soc. Arts, 

 vol. xxii. pp. 397-408 (see also p. 437). 



Notices works done under the sea. Discusses Mr. Prestwich's idea 

 of driving a tunnel through the Paleeozoic rocks, and dismisses it as im- 

 practicable, as also the idea of driving it through the London Clay, and 

 advocates the course through the Lower Chalk as the only possible one. 

 A long discussion follows the paper. W. W. 



