AT THE UNIVERSITY 65 



generations was felt when one pronounced the 

 name of Johannes Miiller, of Berlin — the physiolo- 

 gist (not the historian). 



All who then taught histology, embryology, 

 comparative anatomy, or cellular pathology at 

 Wiirtzburg had sat at his feet, either spiritually 

 or in person. Johannes Miiller, born at the 

 beginning of the century, was appointed Professor 

 of Anatomy and Physiology at Berlin the year 

 before Haeckel was born. That indicates the 

 distance between them. It was in Miiller's incre- 

 dibly primitive laboratory that, as Haeckel tells, 

 the theory of the animal cell was established by 

 his assistant, Theodor Schwann, after Schleiden 

 had proved the vegetal cell. Miiller himself had 

 founded histology in his own way. He was the 

 real parent of the idea that the zoologist ought 

 to go and work by the sea. We have a model of 

 this kind of work and at the same time a superb 

 work for embryological matters in Miiller's epoch- 

 making Studies of the Larvce and Metamorphoses 

 of the Echinoderms. He had brought comparative 

 anatomy beyond the stage of Cuvier, to a point 

 where Gegenbaur could begin. From his school 

 came Rudolf Virchow, who applied the cell-theory 

 to medicine, and Emil du Bois-Reymond, who 

 opened out a new path in physiology by his studies 

 of animal electricity. Miiller had done pioneer 

 work with remarkable vigour in all the various 

 branches of research, diverging afterwards to an 

 enormous extent, that pursue these methods. 

 The many-headed (young and half-young) genera- 



5 



