HISTORY OF HORSE-SHOEING. 17 



stitutes exist throughout Germany, having trained teachers and 

 a thorough syllabus, in which theory and practice are united. 

 The first School of Farriery was erected at Gottesaue, near 

 Karlsruhe, in 1847. In Saxony the military authorities soon 

 followed suit, and to provide capable shoeing-smiths for the 

 army, military farriers were, in 1849, appointed to the position 

 of teachers of horse-shoeing in the Veterinary School at 

 Dresden. The same arrangement still exists. Since 1853 

 courses of instruction in horse-shoeing for civil farriers have 

 been given in Hanover, and since 1857 in Dresden. From 1858 

 to 1869 the authorities in Saxony imposed an examination, 

 that is to say, every person who wished to practise farriery 

 was obliged to pass an examination in the Eoyal Veterinary 

 School. In 1860 Count von Einsiedel's School of Farriery was 

 appointed the Government School for Upper Lusatia. Since 

 1864 H. Behrens has conducted a teaching school in Eostock. 

 Military schools of farriery were founded in Berlin in 1868, 

 in Konigsberg in 1874, in Breslau in 1875, in Hanover in 1886, 

 and in Bockenheim, near Frankfort-on-the-Main, in 1890. In 

 1870 the school at Altona was opened, and in 1877 the Agri- 

 cultural Union at Griefswald founded one in that town. In 

 Bavaria the first military school arose in 1874. Schools for 

 civilians existed in Munich and Wlirzburg in 1875. In 

 Austria there are militarv institutions of this kind in Vienna, 

 Brunn, Olmiitz, Prague, Lemberg, Graz, Laibach, Buda-Pesth, 

 Comorn, Temesvar, and Hermannstadt ; schools for civilians in 

 Vienna, Lemberg, Graz (1883), Klagenfurt, and Laibach. In 

 addition, classes are occasionally held in different districts. 



Similar institutions exist in Denmark, Sweden, Eussia, and the 

 Balkan Peninsula. They teach shoeing, promote and encourage 

 exhibitions of farriery, carry out competitions, etc., and their 

 objects are set forth in special publications, such as Der 

 Hufschmied. The great importance attached to good shoeing 

 by the German Government is shown by the fact that the 

 Imperial law of 1883 allows the allied States to make it 

 incumbent on all persons engaged in the practice of farriery 

 to possess a certificate of examination. In consequence, all the 

 countries included in the German Empire have passed similar 

 laws and have instituted schools. 



In regard to horse-shoeing. Saxony has again attained the 



B 



