CLASSIFICATION OF SHOES. 



147 



according to their breadth, thickness, weight, the presence of 

 calkins or toe-grips, the kind of work demanded of the horse, 

 and the special objects for which shoes are sometimes required, 

 such, for instance, as the treatment of diseases of the foot, or 

 the prevention of slipping in frosty weather. 



Among them we distinguish shoes for (1) hacks ; (2) hunters ; 

 (3) race-horses ; (4) trotters ; (5) carriage horses ; (6) omnibus 

 horses ; (7) cart horses ; (8) special systems of shoeing like 

 Charlier's, Fitzwygram's, and the Turkish shoe ; (9) winter 

 shoes; (10) shoes for 'forging' and ' cutting ' ; and (11) shoes 

 for defective and diseased hoofs. 



When we remember that all these styles are of different 

 sizes and vary in themselves, we may obtain some idea of the 

 varieties of shoes, especially as each particular kind may be 

 modified for a special purpose. For example, a shoe with toe- 

 grip and heels may be used in forging and cutting or may serve 

 as a winter shoe, or it may be arranged to take a special pad, etc. 



A few remarks (chietiy in relation to manufacture) on 

 shoes with calkins, toe-pieces, etc., are offered below, but a de- 

 scription of the special shoes required for different services 

 demands considerable technical knowledge, and is therefore 

 reserved for a later chapter. 



Shoes with Calkins. — Shoes with calkins are formed by 

 turning down the heels of the shoe towards the ground or 



Fig. 93.— Right fore shoe with calkins, a, clip. 



Fig. 94.— Shoe with 

 obliquely cut off 

 heel. 



(occasionally) by welding on a piece of steel to the heel. Cal- 

 kins may, therefore, be regarded as downward prolongations of 

 the limbs of the shoe. Little need be said of the making of 

 such, the form, breadth, surfaces, borders, and nail holes being 

 of just the same description as in other shoes. Under the 

 head of cart-horse shoes may be included a short description 

 of calkins and toe-grips, especially in relation to front shoes. 



