158 WINTER SHOEING. 



siedel's winter shoe (figs. Ill and 112). This shoe has neither 

 calkins nor toe-pieces ; its ground surface is divided into two 

 sharp edges by means of a deep fuller. It is made from 

 three-cornered rolled iron which is cut into the necessary 

 lengths, bent into form, and then fullered. The hind shoe 

 differs from the front in that its heels are sharp and are bent 

 forward in the direction of the bars. They are thus very 

 useful in preventing slipping in a forward direction. 



3. EOUGHING WITH SCREWS. 



The necessity for the use of good iron has already been in- 

 dicated, but this is of special importance in the manufacture of 

 shoes which are destined to carry screws, because if it be want- 

 ing in toughness, brittle at a red heat, or show a tendency to 

 fissure, it will not permit of screwing. With the 

 exception of the heels, the shoe exactly resembles 

 an ordinary shoe, and even the heels do not re- 

 quire to be much thicker or broader than in the 

 common variety. 



The holes are made either by punching or 

 boring. In punching an almost cylindrical punch 

 is used, and the hole completed on a round drift 

 thickest in the middle. This drift, for a distance 

 of |- of an inch in the centre, should be as thick 

 as the tap afterwards employed to produce the 

 screw. The ground opening should be slightly 

 countersunk (fig. 113), so that after the thread 

 Fig. 113. - Heel of has bccu cut, the screw may sit close to the 



"screwed" shoe p £ ^.t, i, i 



with countersunk surtacc ot the hecl. 



^^^^* The screws are made either of iron or a special 



steel, and their manufacture is seldom undertaken by the work- 

 ing farrier. Iron is soft, and, therefore, less durable, but steel is 

 excellent for the purpose, and when the screws, with the excep- 

 tion of the thread, are hardened by heating to a dull red and 

 cooling in damp sand, they possess the greatest resistance to 

 wear, and at the same time sufficient toughness. The method 

 employed by Schafer of Dresden is as simple as it is practical. 

 It is also used in the School of Practical Farriery, Dresden. 

 As it may be useful under certain circumstances, a short de- 



