GUIDING PRINCIPLES IN SHOEING CARRIAGE HORSES. 237 



hold, they are comparatively light, and, as now made, durable 

 enough for most purposes. In Scotland, a similar shoe is still 

 made by hand, the double fullering being produced with a 

 special crease. In England, the machine-made Eodway shoe 

 has almost entirely superseded the hand-made. 



Concave shoes are useful for horses which forge, and can 

 also be applied to animals having strong feet and well-arched 

 soles which are required to present a specially smart appearance. 

 In the hand-made pattern the dishing of the ground surface 

 occasionally ceases an inch or less in front of the heel, but the 



Fig. 236. — Fullered front shoe for carriage horse. Foot surface. 



machine-made shoe, being fashioned from rolled bar, is necessarily 

 dished throughout. The foot surface is perfectly flat, i.e., 

 without seating, though it is well to slightly round the extreme 

 inner edge next the sole. 



* Tips' are referred to on page 256. 



A number of useful machine-made carriage-horse shoes are 

 now on the market. For the smaller class of animals with 

 strong feet and well-developed soles, the light shoe of Charlier 

 steel is useful, as it allows the frog to come to the ground and 

 ensures a good foothold. It is also of value in preventing 

 cutting, too frequently a consequence of heavy or ill-fitting 

 shoes which tire the animal. The application of this shoe is 

 nevertheless restricted ; its narrowness concentrates almost all 

 the weight on the wall, into which it sinks, while it affords no 

 protection to the heels. Further, its lightness is opposed to 

 durability and unfits it for really hard-worked horses. 



The Eodway shoe has already been mentioned. Shoes made 

 of corrugated or pattern iron give an excellent foothold, but 

 can only be used on strong feet, as the position of the nail holes 

 cannot be so carefully selected as in other shoes and fitting is 



