342 THE BACILLUS OF TYPHOID FEVER. 



forty-seven hours after receiving a subcutaneous injection of a cul- 

 ture fluid containing his " typhoid bacillus," pathological lesions re- 

 sembling those of typhoid. 



Eberth and Gaffky very properly decline to attach any import- 

 ance to this solitary case, in which, as the first-named writer re- 

 marks, a different explanation is possible, and the possibility of an 

 intestinal mycosis not typhoid in its nature must be considered. 



Gaffky has also made numerous attempts to induce typhoid 

 symptoms in animals by means of pure cultures of Eberth's bacillus, 

 given with their food or injected into the peritoneal cavity or subcu- 

 taneously. The first experiments were made upon five Java apes. 

 For a considerable time these animals were fed daily with pure cul- 

 tures containing spores. The temperature of the animals was taken 

 twice daily. The result was entirely negative. No better success 

 attended the experiments upon rabbits (16), guinea-pigs (13), white 

 rats (7), house mice (11), field mice (4), pigeons (2), one hen and a calf. 



Cornil and Babes report a similar negative result from pure cul- 

 tures of the typhoid bacillus injected into the peritoneal cavity and 

 into the duodenum in rabbits and guinea-pigs. 



Frankel and Simmonds have made an extended series of experi- 

 ments upon guinea-pigs, rabbits, and mice, and have shown that 

 pure cultures of the bacillus of Eberth injected into the last-men- 

 .tioned animals mice and rabbits may induce death, and that the 

 bacillus may again be obtained in pure cultures from their organs. 

 It is not claimed that the animals suffer an attack of typhoid fever 

 as the result of these injections, but that their death is due to the 

 introduction into their bodies of the typhoid bacillus, and that this 

 bacillus is thereby proved to be pathogenic. 



The failure to produce the characteristic lesions of typhoid in the 

 lower animals is evidently not opposed to the view that this bacillus 

 is the specific cause of such lesions in man. Frankel and Simmonds 

 quote from Koch in support of this statement, as follows : 



" In my opinion it is not at all necessary, when we experiment upon ani- 

 mals, to obtain precisely the same symptoms as in man. In support of this 

 opinion I may refer to the infectious diseases which we are able to induce 

 experimentally in the lower animals. Anthrax runs a very different course 

 in animals and in man; tuberculosis does not present itself in precisely the 

 same manner in one species of animals as in another. Phthisis, as it occurs 

 in man, we cannot, in general, produce in animals ; and, nevertheless, we 

 cannot assert that the animals experimented upon do not suffer from tuber- 

 culosis, and that the conclusions which we draw from such experiments are 

 not perfectly correct." 



In Frankel and Simmonds' experiments a considerable quantity 

 of material was used, and the injections were, for the most part, 

 made into the peritoneal cavity in mice, or into the circulation 



