32 OPERATIONS OF GARDENING. PART I. 



Where a well-fed, vigorous pair of bullocks are kept, I 

 believe a more effective and economical method than this 

 cannot be employed. 



2. In the Deccan of India a common way of drawing up 

 water is by means of a bag and a pair of bullocks, as in the 

 former case ; but in this instance the bag opens into a leathern 

 pipe attached to its bottom. The pipe has a rope fastened to it 

 whereby it is so contrived that the end of the pipe is raised 

 above the level of the bag whilst ascending ; but when the bag 

 reaches the pulley, the pipe is lowered down over the brink of 

 the well, and the water flows out through it from the bag. Of 

 this an illustration is given in Fig. 2. 



The advantage of this method is, that one coolie is dispensed 

 with, none being required, as in the former case, for emptying 

 the bag each time it rises 'to the surface. The disadvantage is, 

 that the bullocks have to walk backwards up the slope to the 

 brink of the well each time the bag is being lowered again into 

 the water ; and so much time is lost in this slow upward backing 

 movement, that I, for my part, think the former method the 

 preferable one of the two. 



3. In the Punjab the all but universal way of raising water is 

 by what is called the Persian wheel. (Fig. 3.) 



In the mouth of the well a large vertical wheel is fixed, 

 over which a looped chain of earthenware pots is suspended, 

 the lower part of the loop reaching down into the water. As 

 this wheel revolves, one length of the chain is continually 

 rising with pots full of water, which, on reaching the summit, 

 discharge themselves into a trough fixed in the upper segment of 

 the wheel, and then turn, and descend empty, to be filled again. 

 A large beam, passing through the axis of this wheel, has its 

 extremity fixed in the axis of another large wooden vertical 

 wheel, from the circumference of which projects a series of 

 horizontal wooden cogs, or teeth. These teeth work in the 

 teeth of a large horizontal wooden^wheel. By means of a pole 

 projecting from it, a pair of bullocks turn round the horizontal 

 wheel, and so set the whole apparatus in action. 



The Persian wheel has the advantage of requiring no coolie 

 besides the one employed in driving the bullocks; and where 

 the well is of very large dimensions so as to admit of a wheel of 

 great size within it as it always is when employed for agricul- 



