46 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 



or less wattled; tarsi strong, without spurs ; 

 toes and claws long ; tail long, and more or 

 less broad. 



4. FAMILY. Turkeys (Meleagridse). Bill broad at 



base, and invested by a soft membrane, in 

 which the nostrils are pierced, narrowed to 

 tip ; head and neck very scantily clothed 

 with hairs, carunculated ', tarsi without spurs 

 or only an obtuse knob ; toes moderate, hind 

 toe elevated and short ; tail lengthened and 

 broad, or short and drooping. 



5. FAMILY. Pheasants (Phasianidse). Bill curved 



to tip, upper mandible prolonged, culmen 

 somewhat elevated at base ; lateral margins 

 rather undulating ; nostrils covered by a hard 

 tumid scale ; cheeks more or less naked ; head 

 sometimes furnished with a fleshy crest, and 

 pendulous wattles from base of lower man- 

 dible ; wings rounded ; tail long, broad, gra- 

 duated or arched ; tarsi with one or more 

 spurs ; hind toe elevated and short. 



6. FAMILY. Grouse (Tetraonidse). Bill short, 



curved from base to tip ; margins of upper 

 mandible arched; nostrils covered by a hard 

 scale, sometimes partly concealed by the fea- 

 thers ; tarsi sometimes clothed with feathers, 

 with or without spurs; hind toe short and 

 elevated, or wanting; tail lengthened or 

 short. 



7. FAMILY. Plover -Quails (Pedionomidae). Bill 



rather slender, compressed, culmen slightly 



