MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 325 



young specimens of many of the AsteriidcB, as As- 

 terias, Henricia, &c., or full grown Starlets (Aster- 

 ina). There also, or on rocks, he will frequently 

 discover various members of the family Echinidce ; 

 and if he happens to visit Madeira, a species of Ophi- 

 diaster, mentioned by Lowe, may be sought for. 

 A greater variety will, however, reward an examin- 

 ation beyond low-water mark, for which purpose a 

 dredge is requisite. Here, if the bottom be sandy, 

 he will bring up examples of many of the Ophi- 

 uridce, and in the bay of Panama he may include 

 among his captures the genus Gymnasteria. From 

 rocky bottoms with deep water in our own seas 

 the Spiny-Crossfish sometimes appears; on fisher- 

 men's lines he will often see the Common-Crossfish 

 busily engaged in devouring the bait ; and after the 

 same fashion other Echinoderms, as Porania and 

 Pentacta may be procured. On examining the leaves 

 of Fuci brought up in dredging, he may perchance 

 be rewarded by the appearance of a graceful Feather- 

 Star (Antedori)jpiOYe frequently by a showy Sun-Star 

 (Solaster), and on the stems of Laminaria a small 

 Holothurian genus, (Psolinus), may be found. At 

 various depths, from two or three fathoms as far as 

 twenty or thirty fathoms, at different times will occur 

 Sand-Stars, Cushion-Stars (Pora/nia, Hippasteria), 

 Bird's-foot Sea-Stars (Palmipes), Egg-Urchins (Echi- 

 nus, Echinometra, &c.), Pea-Urchins (Echinocya- 

 mus) Heart-Urchins (Echinocardium), also Clypeas- 

 ter, Spatangus, and many others. Huge, unwieldy, 

 but curiously constituted Holothurice may present 



