388 MANUAL OF NATUEAL HISTORY. 



man are yielded by this Sub-kingdom, which like- 

 wise affords abundant food for the lower animals, 

 comprehending trees of all kinds, as the Oaks, the 

 Sycamores, the Beeches, the Pines of temperate 

 climes, also the Baobabs, the Palms, the Cycads of 

 the tropics, all fruit-producing species, culinary, 

 and other edible herbs, the tea, coffee, and cocoa 

 plants, the sugar-cane, the cereal grains, and all 

 grasses, and in fine, almost all plants yielding drugs, 

 gums, resins, or other economical agents. 



1. SUB-KINGDOM. FLOWERING-PLANTS 

 (Phanerogamid). 



Flowers (variously modified) present ; fructifica- 

 tion mostly springing from a stem; reproductive 

 organs distinct ; propagate by seeds ; sexes in the 

 same or in different individuals. 



EXOGENS. 



Exogenous plants constitute the most numerous 

 class, not only of the Phanerogamia, but of the 

 whole Vegetable Kingdom, comprising upwards of 

 six thousand genera, and not fewer than sixty-six 

 thousand species. They are in all respects the most 

 advanced forms of vegetable life, their organiza- 

 tion being more complex, their vitality more in- 

 tense, and their powers of endurance and length 

 of life more extended. They derive their name 

 from the manner in which the woody tissue is 

 formed, new matter being annually added from 



