MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 405 



(Helianihus tuber osus), Burdock (Arctium Lappa), 

 Blessed-Thistle (Cnicus benedictus), Safflower (Car- 

 thamus tinctorius), Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus), 

 Chicory (Cichorium Intybus), Endive (G. Endivia), 

 Dandelion (Taraxacum Dens-leonis), Common-Let- 

 tuce (Lactuca sativa), Wild-Lettuce (L. virosa) 

 Scorzonera (Scorzonera Hispanica). (Compositce, 

 De Candolle.) 



2. FAMILY. Galycers (Calyceracese). Herbs ; leaves 



alternate, exstipulate; flowers sessile, capi- 

 tate, surrounded by an involucre ; corolla 

 regular, valvate, infundibuliform ; anthers 

 syngenesious ; ovary 1 -celled ; ovule pendu- 

 lous ; fruit an achsenium ; seeds albuminous. 

 Natives of South America, especially Chili. 



3. FAMILY. Teazels (Dipsacacese). Herbs or under- 



shrubs; leaves opposite or verticillate; flowers 

 capitate or verticillate, surrounded by a 

 many-leaved involucre ; corolla gamopetalous, 

 tubular ; aestivation imbricate ; anthers free ; 

 ovary 1 -celled ; ovule pendulous ; fruit dry, 

 indehiscent ; seeds albuminous. Occur in the 

 South of Europe, the Levant, Barbary, and 

 at the Cape of Good Hope. 



4. FAMILY. Valerians (Yalerianacese). Herbs, an- 



nual or perennial, usually strong-scented; 

 leaves opposite, exstipulate ; inflorescence 

 cymose ; corolla imbricate ; anthers free ; 

 ovary 1 -celled ; ovule pendulous ; fruit dry, 

 indehiscent, with one fertile, and two abortive 

 cells ; seed exalbuminous. Natives of tern- 



