478 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 



III. OKDEK. MENISPERMALS (Menispermales). 



Flowers monodichlamydeous ; carpels superior, 

 disunited; embryo surrounded by abundant al- 

 bumen. 



1. FAMILY. Moonseeds (Menispermacese). Shrubs, 



sarmentaceous ; wood frequently arranged in 

 wedges ; leaves alternate, entire ; flowers 

 very small, racemose, often dioecious ; sepals 

 and petals undistinguishable, in several rows, 

 deciduous ; stamens usually monadelphous ; 

 anthers extrorse ; carpels solitary or nu- 

 merous ; ovule amphitropal ; fruit drupa- 

 ceous, 1 -seeded, oblique or lunate; embryo 

 large, curved or periphericaL Common in 

 tropical Asia and America, a few also in 

 Africa. Yield Calumba-root, Pareira-brava, 

 and Coculus-indicus. 



2. FAMILY. Kadsurads (Schizandracese). Shrubs, 



scrambling ; leaves alternate, simple, exsti- 

 pulate, often dotted ; flowers small, solitary 

 or axillary ; sepals 3-6 ; petals 3-9, hypo- 

 gynous ; stamens 0, monadelphous or free ; 

 anthers extrorse ; carpels 0, free or adhe- 

 rent, 1 -celled ; ovules 2, pendulous ; stigma 

 sessile; fruit numerous, berried, i-2-seeded; 

 seeds pendulous ; embryo very small. Occur 

 in India and the Indian islands, Japan, and 

 hot parts of North America. 



3. FAMILY. Lardizabalads (Lardizabalacese). 



Shrubs, twining; leaves alternate, exstipu- 



