494 MANUAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 



Cypress, and Juniper. Among the products 

 are Turpentine, Tar, Burgundy-Pitch, Hun- 

 garian Carpathian and Canada Balsams, 

 Essence of Spruce, Sandarach, Savin, &c. 

 (Coniferce, Juss.) 



4. FAMILY. Cycads (Cycadacese). Trees or shrubs ; 

 trunks cylindrical, sometimes dichotomous ; 

 leaves pinnate, parellel-veined, vernation cir- 

 cinnate ; flowers unisexual ; male flowers in 

 terminal cones, the scales bearing on their 

 lower sides 1 -celled anthers; female flowers 

 consisting of naked ovules at the base of flat 

 scales, beneath peltate ones, or on the 

 margins of altered leaves ; seeds hard, nut- 

 like j embryos 1-2, suspended ; albumen 

 fleshy or mealy; cotyledons unequal. Occur 

 in temperate and tropical parts of Asia and 

 America, also at the Cape of Good Hope, and 

 in Madagascar. Yield much starchy matter. 



DICTYOGENS. 



On examining the structure of some anomalous 

 Monocotyledons, they were ascertained by Lindley 

 to possess, in nearly equal proportions, characters of 

 Endogens and of Exogens. He therefore separated 

 them from the Endogens, with which they had been 

 previously united, and established them as a tran- 

 sition class, which he named " Dictyogens," on 

 account of the reticulated appearance of the leaves. 



