118 ENTOZOA FOUND IN MAN. 



bladder, when it is in that situation, by means of 

 lithotrity instruments. 



No protozoa are found in the healthy urine, and 

 they are also very seldom met with even in morbid 

 states of that secretion. Yibriones and monades are 

 the only protozoa which have been hitherto observed; 

 the former in a case of chronic cystitis, and the 

 latter in several cases of persons suffering from 

 cholera, during the epidemic which prevailed in 

 London in 1854. 



The following species of entozoa have been each 

 observed once in the urine : — The Spiroptera hominis, 

 in a case recorded by Mr. Lawrence ;^ the Dactylius 

 aculeatus, described by Mr. Curling ;'^ the Tetrastomum 

 renale, observed by Delle Chiaje f besides which 

 Wagner states that he has found the Pentastomum 

 denticulatum imbedded in the substance of the 

 kidney.^ 



Hydatid and intestinal worms also, sometimes 

 accidentally find their way into the urinary organs. 



The intestinal entozoa which have been expelled 

 with the lu-ine are the taenia, the ascaris lumbricoides, 

 and the oxyuris. The latter worm may possibly 

 reach the bladder sometimes, through the urethral 



* This case is given at full length in the " Medico-Chirurgical 

 Transactions " for 1812. 



* For full account of this case, see " Medico-Chirurgical 

 Transactions" for 1839. 



' Delle Chiaje, " Compendio di elmintografia humana," Naples, 

 1833. As the entozoa described by this author were found only 

 in the urine, and not in the kidneys, the designation Renale was 

 simply given upon the supposition that the kidney is the normal 

 habitat of this species. 



* "Archiv. fiir Physiologie," von Vierordt, 1856. 



