CONTENTS xi 



CHAPTER VI 



PACK 



THE CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD : DISCOVERY . . .157 



1. Physiological necessity for the circulation of the blood. Schema 

 of cardio-vascular system. 2. Theory of Galen. 3. Discovery of the 

 lesser circulation. Question of the priority of Columbus, Servetus, 

 and Vesalius. 4. Discovery of the general circulation by Cesalpinus. 

 5. Completion of the work by Harvey. 6. Discovery of the lymph 

 circulation by Eustachius, Aselli, Pecquet, Rudbeck, Bartholin. 7. 

 Discovery of the capillary system, and direct observation of the circu- 

 lation by Malpighi. 8. Microscopic observations of the phenomena of 

 circulation. Spallanzani, Poiseuille, R. Wagner, etc. 9. Discovery of 

 diapedesis of blood -corpuscles and migration of leucocytes : Waller, 

 Addison, Recklinghausen, Cohnheim. Bibliography. 



CHAPTER VII 



MECHANICS OF THE HEART . . . . .180 



1. Description of cardiac cycle or revolution. 2. Changes of external 

 form, of the internal cavity, of the position and volume of the heart in 

 the different phases of its activity. 3. Mechanism of semilunar valves. 

 4. Mechanism of auriculo-ventricular valves. 5. Theory of so-called 

 heart -sounds. 6. Variations of pressure within the auricles and 

 ventricles during the cardiac cycle. 7. The diastolic aspiration ; 

 various explanatory hypotheses. 8. Cardiac plethysmograms ; theory 

 of active diastole. 9. Cardiograms ; theory of heart-beats or impulses. 

 10. Other mechanical effects of cardiac activity. 11. Work done by 

 the heart. Bibliography. 



CHAPTER VIII 



THE BLOOD-STREAM : MOVEMENT IN THE VESSELS . . .232 



1. Fundamental laws of hydrodynamics for passage of fluid through 

 rigid tubes. 2. Application of these laws to haemodynamics. 3. Me- 

 chanical effects of elasticity of vessel-walls and intermittence of flow of 

 blood from heart ; laws of wave motion. 4. Method of measuring and 

 automatically registering variations in blood pressure. 5. Principal 

 results obtained. 6. Methods of measuring velocity of circulation ; 

 experimental results. 7. Sphygmography and sphygmograms repre- 

 senting pulsatory oscillations in pressure. 8. Comparison of cardio- 

 grams and sphygmograms registered simultaneously, indicating duration 

 of the principal phases of cardiac cycle in man. 9. Comparison of several 

 sphygmograms registered simultaneously from arteries at different 

 distances from the heart, indicating rate of transmission of primary 

 and of dicrotic wave. 10. Tachymetr-y and tachygrams representing 

 pulsatory variations in current velocity. 11. Pletliysmography and 



