CONTENTS vii 



PAGE 



glycogen from carbohydrates of food. 11. Derivation of glycogen 

 from decomposition of proteins and fats (diabetes mellitus from patho- 

 logical causes, experimental diabetes from phloridzin and removal of 

 pancreas). 12. Accumulation of alimentary fat; adipogenesis. 13. Ac- 

 cumulation and consumption of alimentary protein. 14. Protective 

 function of intestinal epithelium and liver. Bibliography. 



CHAPTER VI 



THE INTESTINE AS AN ORGAN OF EXCRETION . . . 343 



1. Physical characters and chemical composition of faeces and 

 intestinal gases. 2. Alimentary residues and waste products in faeces, 

 while taking food and in fasting. 3. Formation of faecal masses a 

 function almost exclusively confined to small intestine. 4. Theory of 

 normal human faeces. 5. Toxidty of faeces. 6. Mechanical and 

 chemical functions of caecum. 7. Mechanism of defaecation. 8. Inner - 

 vation. Bibliography. 



CHAPTER VII 



ORIGIN OF KATABOLIC CONSTITUENTS OF URINE . . .377 



1. General characteristics and com position of human urine. 2. Forma- 

 tion of urea. 3. Formation of uric acid and the purine bodies. 

 4. Formation of creatine and creatinine. 5. Formation of hippuric 

 acid and aromatic substances (ethereal sulphates). 6. Formation of 

 pigments and chromogens (urochrome, urobilin, uroerythrin, indican). 

 7. Formation of non-nitrogenous organic acids (oxalic acids, lactic 

 acids, volatile fatty acids). 8. Carbohydrates of normal and patho- 

 logical urine (glucose, lactose, animal gum, acetone, glycuronic acid). 

 9. Proteins of normal and pathological urine (serum-albumin, serum- 

 globulin, fibrinogen, enzymes). 10. Inorganic constituents of urine 

 (chlorides, sulphates, alkaline and earthy phosphates, carbonates, 

 ammonium compounds). 11. Toxicity of urine, and uraemia. Biblio- 

 graphy. 



CHAPTER VIII 



THE EXCRETION OF URINE . . . . .418 



1. Structure of the kidneys. 2. Mechanism of urinary secretion. 

 Vitalist theory of Bowman ; mechanical theory of Ludwig. 3. Modi- 

 fication of urinary secretion with variations of normal conditions of circu- 

 lation in kidneys ; conclusions as to functions of glomeruli. 4. Effect 

 on renal secretion of alterations caused in the blood by diuretics ; 

 criticisms of mechanical theory. 5. Experimental data in favour of 

 vitalist theory ; criticisms. 6. Innervation of kidneys. 7. Modifica- 



