vi INTESTINE AS AN OKGAN OF EXCKETION 375 



striated muscles in the special form of its contraction curve, which 

 is slower in all its phases, resembling that of plain muscle 

 (Ducceschi). Lastly, the external sphincter, shortly after destruc- 

 tion of the cord, becomes insensitive to the paralysing action of 

 curare (Goltz), or at any rate much larger doses of curare are 

 required to paralyse it than are necessary for other skeletal muscles 

 (Frankl-Hochwart and Frohlich). 



From the later work of these authors (1900) we may also 

 conclude : (a) that the internal sphincter alone (excluding the 

 co-operation of the external sphincter) is able to ensure the tonic 

 closure of the anal orifice ; (&) that curare has no visible effect on 

 the tone of the internal sphincter ; (c) that the external sphincter 

 is responsible for 30-60 per cent of the total energy with which 

 the tonic closure of the anal orifice is normally maintained ; (cT) 

 that the nervi erigentes (Eckhard) contain fibres which on 

 excitation produce contraction of the external sphincter ; (e) that 

 excitation of the hypogastric rami with previous division of the 

 nervi erigentes usually (9 out of 12 times) determines the dilatation 

 of the sphincters ; (/) that stimulation of the sciatic excites reflex 

 contraction of the sphincter, and dilates it reflexly after section of 

 the nervi erigentes. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



Composition and Origin of Faeces : 

 C. VOIT. Hermann's Handbuch der Phys. vi. Part I. 

 FR. MULLER. Zeitschrift f. Biol. xx., 1884. 

 RIEDER. Ibidem. 



ROSSONI. Rivista clinica di Bologna, October 1885. 

 LUCIANI. Fisiologia del digiuno. Studi sull' uomo. Florence, 1889. 

 HERMANN. Pfliiger's Arcli. xlvi., 1890. 

 EHRENTHAL and BLITSTEIN. Ibidem, xlviii., 1891. 

 FRITZ VOIT. Zeitschr. f. Biol. xxix,, 1892. 

 BERENSTEIN. Pfliiger's Arch, liii., 1893. 

 C. LEHMANN, FR. MULLER, I. MUNK, SENATOR, ZUNTZ. Untersuclmngen an zwei 



hungernden Menschen. Berlin, 1893. 



HAMMERL, KERMAUNER, MOELLER, and PRAUSNITZ. Zeitschr. f. Biol. xxxv., 1897. 

 C. CORLETTE. Journal of Physiology, xxv., 1900. 

 ZAITSCHEK. Pfliiger's Aroh. xcviii., 1903. 



Toxicity of Faeces : 

 BOUCHARD. Le9ons sur les auto-intoxications. Paris, 1887. 



Functions of Caecum : 



COLIN. Traite de phys. comp. des animaux. Paris, 1871. 

 PALADINO. Sulla digestione cecale nei grandi erbivori. Naples, 1875. 

 ELLENBERGER and HOFMEISTER. Arch. f. wiss. u. prakt. Thierheilk. v., x., xi., 



1881-83. 



A. MARCACCI. II significato fisiologico dell' intestine cieco. Perugia, 1888. 

 BERGMAN and HULTGREN. Skand. Arch. f. Physiol., xiv., 1903. 



Mechanism and Innervation of Movements of Large Intestine and of Defaecation : 



MASIUS. Bull, de 1'Acad. Roy. de Belgique, 1867-68. 

 GLUGE. Bull, de 1'Acad. R. de Belgique, 1868. 

 GOLTZ. Pfliiger's Arch, vi., 1873. 



