36 



Birds which feed on the Canker Worms. 



This list of birds which feed on canker worms embraces most of the 

 families and genera of the smaller land birds which were well repre- 

 sented in the locality and at the time when the observations were made. 

 It is probable that whenever small, smooth-skinned caterpillars become 

 numerous, they are attacked by most species of small land birds in the 

 vicinity, as such caterpillars are everywhere eaten greedily by most of 

 the smaller birds and also used as food for their young. 



Yellow-billed cuckoo, 



Black-billed cuckoo, 



Hairy woodpecker, 



Downy woodpecker, 



Yellow-bellied sapsucker, 



Flicker, 



Whippoorwill, 



Kingbird, 



Crested flycatcher, 



Phoebe, 



Olive-sided flycatcher, 



Wood pewee, 



Least flycatcher, 



Blue jay, 



Crow, 



Bobolink, 



Red-winged blackbird, 



Baltimore oriole, 



Bronzed grackle orci'ow blackbird, 



American goldfinch, 



Chipping sparrow, 



Field sparrow, 



Song sparrow, 



Towhee, 



American robin, 



Rose-breasted grosbeak, 



Indigo bunting, 



English sparrow, 



Scarlet tanager, 



Iled-eyed vireo. 



Yellow-throated vireo, 



Warbling vireo, 



White-eyed vireo, 



Black-and-white warbler, 



Golden-winged warbler, 



Nashville warbler, 



Parula warbler, 



Yellow warbler, 



Magnolia warbler, 



Chestnut-sided warbler, 



Maryland yellow-throat, 



Black-throated green warbler, 



American redstart, 



Catbird, 



Brown thrasher, 



House wren. 



White-breasted nuthatch, 



Chickadee, 



Wood thrush, 



Bluebird, 



Cedar waxwing. 



Birds feeding on the White-marked Tussock Moth (Orgyia leucostigma). 



Probably all the birds which feed upon the other hairy caterpillars 

 feed also upon this, but as the opportunity for observation on this species 

 has been limited the list is given for what it is worth. This species 

 has become very destructive to city shade trees since the introduction 

 of the English sparrow, which, eating few of these insects itself, has 

 driven out the native birds which formerly fed upon the caterpillars. 

 It is interesting to note that of late in some parts of eastern Massachu- 

 setts at least the sparrow is not so obnoxious as during the years imme- 

 diately succeeding its introduction and increase, and that a few of the 

 native birds are returning to their old breeding place. This may result 

 in checking the ravages of the tussock moth, which does little damage 

 to orchards, shade trees or woodlands where sparrows are scarce and 

 native birds plenty. 



Yellow-billed cuckoo, 

 Black-billed cuckoo, 

 Whippoorwill, 

 Chimney swift, 

 Phoebe, 



Blue jay, 

 Baltimore oriole, 

 Robin, 

 English sparrow. 



