SOCIAL AND WORLD ASPECTS 249 



native races — to the highl}' differentiated or organic 

 condition of civilised society, in which a great variety 

 of professions and occupations exist, and men are 

 grouped according to their professions and not 

 according to their descent. Carr-Saunders points out 

 that with increasing contact between men perform- 

 ing the same functions, as populations increased in 

 density, the segmentary type of social organisation 

 necessarily gave place to the organic type, with the 

 final result that modern human society has the highly 

 differentiated and integrated structure and activities 

 of a complex organism. 



Another point on which we feel it necessary to 

 differ from Carr-Saunders in his able analysis of the 

 part tradition has played in the mental evolution of 

 man is with regard to the differences between classes 

 in the same society. He concludes that the direction 

 and degree in which the intellect works is very largel}^ 

 determined by tradition, and that profound differences 

 in tradition between the classes of modern society 

 account for most of the mental differences manifested. 

 Here, again, we believe he la3^s too much stress 

 on tradition. A ver}' considerable proportion of 

 exceptional men break entirel}^ with tradition in 

 choosing their life work. The author admits that 

 the children of the professional classes are on the 

 average two years in advance of the children of 

 unskilled labourers, and hence show superior intel- 

 ligence. Similarly, McDougal (1921) quotes results 

 of observations on school-children in Pittsburg, 

 indicating a marked association between economic 

 status of the parents and school advancement or 

 intelligence of the children. Yet Carr-Saunders con- 

 cludes that there are only slight differences in intel- 

 lectual capacity between the classes. McDougal, on 

 the contrary, emphasises the dangers associated with 

 the differential birth-rate which has grown up during 



