10 HEREDITY OF SKIN COLOR IN NEGRO-WHITE CROSSES. 



By No. I we see plainly the presence of two sharply separated 

 types, of which one has a mode at 45-49, the other in the 70's. On 

 inquiring into the meaning of this dimorphism of the skin color of the 

 negro, one has to recognize that it is less a dimorphism of the white 

 than of the black element of the skin color. If one combines the N +R 

 grades (table 3, No. 3) only a single mode appears, at 85-89. 



The fact that the sum of the black and red constituents of the 

 skin color of the different negroes, presumably derived from different 

 African races, is so nearly constant suggests that our negroes fall into 

 two biotypes differing in the thickness of the skin; for the thicker the 

 skin the more the red capillaries are obscured and the greater the 

 depth of the black pigment. This would accord with the difference 

 in the color of the African races mentioned above, and would suggest 

 a possible source of variability of negro peoples apart from hybridi- 

 zation. The question whether the negroes of Jamaica came from a 

 different part of Africa than those of Bermuda can not be answered 

 with certainty. It is known, from their language (Johnston, 1910, 

 p. 247), that the negroes of Jamaica came from the Chwi-speaking 

 peoples of Ashanti and Fanti, who have lighter complexions than the 

 Senegambian negroes (Dowd, 1907, p. 81). The importation of negroes 

 to Bermuda began in 16 16, and there is reason for believing that the 

 negroes whom the English secured at that early date were of those 

 captured by the Portuguese, who operated largely in Senegambia. 



Attention may be called, at this point, to our great lack of precise 

 information about the differences in skin color of the native African 

 races, the anatomical basis of the differences, and the method of inheri- 

 tance of African skin color of the different sorts. 



III. Skin Color of the Children of a Negro and a Caucasian — The 



Fi Generation. 



In the course of field work there was occasionally found a strict 

 mulatto; i.e., the first generation hybrid between a Caucasian and a 

 negro. A collection of all of these cases is here made in order to deter- 

 mine the standard of color belonging to this cross. 



Table 4. — Determinations oj the skin color oj Fi hybrids between whites and negroes. 



I. BERMUDA. 



Case 



No. 



B. Ill, 2.... 

 B. VII. 2... 



B.X. I 



BXI. 1 



B. XIII. 2.. 



B.XV. I... 

 B. XVII. 2. 

 B. XXI. I.. 



B. XXI, I.. 

 B.XXXI, I. 

 B.XXXII,2 



Father. 

 N. Red. 



5 25. , 



white, br., 

 dark Jew . 

 white . . . , 

 white . . . , 



white . . . , 

 7 40. 



white . . . . 



Mother. 

 N. Red. 



Offspring — percentage 

 of black in skin of each. 



71 18. . 37 



77 15- .' 43 

 dark br. . . 35 . 



35 

 39 



35 



30 



43 



43 



37 



45 



35 



30. 



35- 



white . 

 white . 

 white . 



34 40 45; seven others, dead 

 or absent; also 53° not counted. 

 39 

 31 31 32 31 25 



22 34 40 32 



39 



25' 



25 41 



Remarks. 



Father born in Sweden. 

 Father has blue eyes. 

 Mother called pure neg^ro. 



Father English." 



Father English.'' 



» Hair kinky, parentage doubtful. 



* Tanned. 



