no TA MCA L Tint MS. 



(c) Roots originate endoyenoxusly, that is to say, tliey 

 do not develope from the exterior or surface of tlie jdant- 

 body, but always begin in the deeper tissues, and even- 

 tually break their way through tlie overlying layers till 

 they reach the surface. 



(d) They do not, as a rule, produce leaves or buds. 



(e) They tend, as a rule, to grow downwards into the 

 soil, avoiding the light. 



(f) The minute strvicture of the root is less ix;rfect in 

 its development than that of the stem. 



^\\e functions of the root are 



(a) To fix the plant in its place. 



(b) To act as an absorbent of the nutritious liquids 

 contained in the soil. 



(c) In special cases to serve as a storehouse of food for 

 the plant. 



B. — Caulome : including the stem and all its equivalents, 

 such as branches, runners, tendrils, thorns, etc., as 

 already described. 



In contrast to the root, the stem is alwaj's preceded by 

 a bud. 



A bud is an earlj' stage of the development of a stem 

 or branch, and is found on dissection to consist of many 

 rudimentary leaves crowded on a short axis. This axis 

 subsequently deve\oi>es tJn'oughont its length, forming the 

 internodes (Fig. 244), thus differing widelj' from the root, 

 which grows by additions to its extromitj'. 



"Winter-buds are covered with scaly bracts called biul- 

 scales, which separate and fall away soon after the devel- 

 opment of the bud begins in the spring. 



Euds are 



(a) Terminal, when at the ends of stems and 

 branches. 



(b) Axillary, when produced in the axils (Fig. 244) of 

 leaves. 



(c) Adventitious, when produced in some irregular 

 manner. 



(d) .4cce*-6-o/7/, when produced as extra or additional 

 buds beside the regular axillary bud, so that there are 

 really several buds in the axil. 



The functions of the caulome are 



(a) To bear leaves and flowers. 



(b) To serve as a medium for the conveyance of the 

 nourishing liquids absorbed by the root. 



