Cli Vr TOdA MO I -S T YPKS. 



81 



distinguished as tlialloid, while tlie leafj' forms are said 

 to hefoliosa. 



It lemains to be added that Munluintia and otlier Liverworts 

 roinoduce tliouisulves by buds as wi-ll as by spores. 

 Those buds {(jeinnKe) are found in little cup-sha{>ed rocej)- 

 tacles wliich appear on the surface of the plant-body. 

 They consist of simple masses of tissue which fall away 

 wlion fully grown, and immediately develoi)e into new 

 phuits. 



The flosses uud Liverworts constitute a distinct group of 

 plants called Bryophytes. It will be evident from the 

 preceding descriptions that in the matter of reproduction 

 they do not differ materially from the Pteridophytes. 

 They are, however, distinctly separated from tliom bj' 

 the simpler onjanization of t/uir tismies. The Bryo- 

 phytes have no true roots, but onlj' root-hairs or rliizoids. 

 The wliole plant body is, as a rule, composed of thin- 

 walled parenchyma, and only in a few cases is there any 

 appearance of a development of a filtro-vascular sjstem, 

 and that only of the vaguest possible kind. Tiiere is, 

 however, a woll-detined epidermal system, and stomata 

 are not uncommon. 



THALLOPHYTES. 



Mushroom. 

 Fig. 312 is a representation of the Common Mushroom of the 

 natural size, while Fig. 313 shows the several stages of 

 its growth. At A is seen a matted fibrous mass, which 

 is tlie undergroimd portion of the plant. It is called the 

 mi/cdium ; at several pli^es on it rounded outgrowths of 

 different sizes are visible. These eventually develope into 

 the overground part of the Mushroom. At // is shown 

 a vertical section through one of these outgrowths at an 

 early stage ; at i in this figure j'ou will observe two dark 

 dots ; these are the open ends of a channel which forms a 

 complete ring in the interior. At /// they are much more 

 distinct, and here is also manifest a difference between 

 the upjier and lower sections, which is still more marked 

 at /Fand V. Tlie upijer spreading portion is called the 

 pilaus ; at Fthe lower edge of the pileus is still attached 

 by a circular membrane to the stalk. In this stage the 

 membrane is called the veil ,' later on, as seen in Fig. 

 312, it is torn away from the pileus and now forms the 

 an II III us, or ring, about the stalk. Upon the under side 

 of tlie pileus are produced a great many vertical, thin 

 plates, called lamella or gills. If we make a vertical sec- 

 tion through the pileus so as to cut across a number of 

 the lamellae, they will present the appearance sho^n at 





FiR. 518. 



