54 A MANUAL OF 



fleas, and had them on loose, rich ground, 

 where they could grow rapidly, we have invari- 

 ably had splendid tender radishes, without a 

 trace of worms ; but when the young plants 

 were badly eaten by the fleas, we always found 

 worms in the roots unless it might be with 

 early varieties, whose growth was forced so 

 rapidly that the worms had not time to show 

 themselves before the radishes were pulled. 

 We have said that this insect winters in the 

 pupa state meaning that they usually do so ; 

 but we think the perfect insects also frequently 

 live through the winter in a dormant state, as 

 they make their appearance very early in the 

 spring. 



The same methods given for protecting 

 cabbage plants will apply to radishes with 

 equal force. Where but a small bed of plants 

 is to be grown, a method probably as cheap, 

 and of as little trouble as any, will be to 

 sow early, and protect the bed a great part of 

 the time, while the plants are young, with a 

 covering of glass sash or cloth. But it will be 

 found vastly more difficult to raise a small bed 

 of plants and keep them healthy and free from 

 insects, than to grow them on a large scale. 

 It will also be found cheaper for a man who 



