COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 451 



broadly ovate, pointed, three-nerved, coarsely and irregularly 

 toothed, narrowed abruptly to bristly petioles. Heads in dense 

 terminal and axillary spikes, subtended 

 by narrowly lance-shaped, spreading, 

 very hairy bracts, much longer than 

 the greenish heads, which are scarcely 

 an eighth of an inch in diameter. 

 Involucre hairy, its bracts three to 

 five, distinct or sometimes united at 

 base ; central florets staminate ; fertile 

 florets, marginal, three to five. Achenes 

 about an eighth of an inch long, with- 

 out pappus, similar to those of Poverty 

 Weed but ribbed on the face. They 

 are to be guarded against in alfalfa 

 seed from the Southwest. (Fig. 314.) 



Means of control 



Prevent seed production. Meadows 

 infested with this weed should be har- 

 vested early, before the plants have 

 matured. Its bristly and woody stems 

 are rejected by cattle as fodder, and 

 if the plants are not extremelv numer- 

 ous it would pay to remove 'them by 

 hand-pulling from a good stand of al- 

 falfa. Plants along ditches and streams should be destroyed 

 by hoe-cutting or mowing while young. 



HIGHWATER SHRUB 



Iva xanthifolia, Nutt. 



Other English names: False Ragweed, False Sunflower, Red River 

 Weed, Halfbreed Weed, Burweed Marsh Elder. 



Native. Annual. Propagates by seeds. 



Time of bloom: Late July to September. 



Seed-time: September to November. 



Range : Michigan and Manitoba to the Northwest Territory, south- 

 ward to Nebraska, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah. 



Habitat: Grain fields, meadows, cultivated crops, waste places. 



