468 COMPOSITAE (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 



abruptly to a hairy petiole ; the lower ones opposite (sometimes 

 in whorls of three), the upper ones alternate. Heads about three 

 inches broad, with twelve to twenty bright yellow sterile rays. 

 Disk-florets perfect and fertile, tubular, five-lobed, and lighter 

 yellow than the rays. Involucre 

 hemispheric, its spreading bracts 

 lance-shaped, sharp-pointed, and 

 hairy. Achenes w^edge-shaped, 

 four-sided, hairy on the angles, 

 crowned with a pair of awl-shaped 

 scales or awns which quickly fall 

 away. (Fig. 326.) 



Means of control 



Artichokes are very fattening, 

 and a profitable way of clearing 

 the ground of their presence is by 

 turning in hogs to pasture with 

 untrammeled snouts in the au- 

 tumn, when the tubers are most 

 crisp and succulent. Or the root- 

 stocks may be starved by close and 

 persistent cutting of the stalks in 

 early summer, when their stored 

 sustenance is most nearly depleted, allowing no new growth of 

 leaves for replenishment. Dry salt on the shorn surfaces is an 

 effective aid in checking new growth. 



WINGED IRONWEED 



Actindmeris alternifdlia, DC. 

 (Verbeslna alternifdlia, Brit.) 



Other English names: Yellow Ironweed, Wingstem. 



Native. Perennial. Propagates by seeds. 



Time of bloom: August to September. 



Seed-time: September to October. 



Range: New York and New Jersey to Ontario, Iowa, and Kansas, 



southward to Florida and Louisiana. 

 Habitat: Meadows and pastures, roadsides, and waste places. 



