5l8 MANUAL OF ZOOLOGY. 



out the life of the animal. The tongue is small, free, and 

 pointed behind, and there are two rows of palatine teeth. The 



Fig. 281. Great Water-newt (Triton cristatus) after Liell. 



fore-feet are four-toed, the hind-feet five-toed ; and the males 

 have a crest on the back and tail. 



The development of the Newts is so like that of the Frogs 

 that it is unnecessary to dilate further upon it here ; but there 

 are these two points of difference to be noticed : istly, That 

 the embryonic tail is not cast, off in the adult ; and, 2.dly, That 

 the fore-limbs appear externally sooner than the hind-limbs 

 the reverse of this being the case amongst the Anoura. 



The Land-salamanders form the genus Salamandra, and are 

 distinguished from their aquatic brethren by having a cylindri- 

 cal instead of a compressed tail, and by bringing forth their 

 young alive, or by being ovo-viviparous, in which case the 

 larvae have sometimes shed their external branchice prior to 

 birth. The head is thick, the tongue broad, and the palatine 

 teeth in two long series. The skin is warty, with many glands 

 secreting a watery fluid. The best-known species is the S. 

 maculosa of Southern Europe. Another species (S. alpind] 

 lives upon lofty mountains. The Salamanders of the Old 

 World are represented in North America by various species 

 of Amblystoma. 



ORDER III. ANOURA ( = Batrachia, Huxley; Theriomorpha, 

 Owen ; Chelonobatrachia, Batrachia salientia, &c.) This order 

 includes the Frogs and Toads, and is characterised by the fol- 

 lowing points : The adult is destitute of both gills and tail, both 

 of which structures exist in the larva, whilst the two pairs of 

 limbs are always present. The skin is soft, and there are rarely 

 any traces of an exoskeleton. The dorsal vertebra are " proccelous" 

 or concave in front, and are furnished with long transverse pro- 

 cesses, which take the place of ribs, which are only present in a 

 rudimentary form. The radius and ulna in the fore-limb, and 

 the tibia and fibula in the hind-limb, are anchylosed to form single 



