VERTEBRATA: LITERATURE. 783 



hensile, the fingers being provided with nails. The toes of the 

 hind-limb are also furnished with nails, but the hallux is not 

 opposable to the other digits, and the feet are therefore useless 

 as organs of prehension. The foot is broad and plantigrade, 

 and the whole sole is applied to the ground in walking. 



The dentition consists of thirty-two teeth, and these form a 

 nearly even and uninterrupted series, without any interval or 

 diastema. The dental formula is 



2 2 I I 2 2 33 



The brain is more largely developed and more abundantly 

 furnished with large and deep convolutions than is the case 

 with any other Mammal. The mammae are pectoral, and the 

 placenta is discoidal and deciduate. 



Man is the only terrestrial Mammal in which the body is not 

 provided, at any rate dorsally, with a covering of hair. 



The zoological or anatomical distinctions between Man and 

 the other Mammals are thus seen to be of no very striking 

 nature, and certainly of themselves would not entitle us to con- 

 sider Man as forming more than a distinct order. When, how- 

 ever, we take into account the vast and illimitable psychical 

 differences, both intellectual and moral differences which 

 must entail corresponding structural distinctions between 

 Man and the highest Quadrumana, it becomes a question 

 whether the group Bimana should not have the value of a 

 distinct sub-kingdom ; whilst there can be little hesitation in 

 giving Man, at any rate, a class to himself. At any rate, man's 

 psychical peculiarities are as much an integral portion, or 

 more, of his totality, as are his physical characters, and, as Dr 

 Pritchard says, " The sentiments, feelings, sympathies, inter- 

 nal consciousness, and mind, and the habitudes of mind and 

 action thence resulting, are the real and essential character- 

 istics of humanity." 



As regards the distribution of the order Bimana in time, we 

 have doubtless yet much to learn. So far as is certainly known 

 at present, no remains of Man, in the form of bones or imple- 

 ments, have as yet been detected in deposits of greater age 

 than the later half of the Post-Pliocene period, at which time 

 Man was associated in Western Europe with a number of ex- 

 tinct Mammalia. 



LITERATURE. 



[In addition to many of the works mentioned in the bibliographical list 

 relating to the Vertebrata in general, and especially to Owen's " Compara- 



