196 MANUAL OF ZOOLOGY. 



and is called the " protopodite " or propodite, and of two di- 

 verging joints, which are attached to the former ; the outer of 

 these being called the " exopodite," and the inner the " endo- 

 podite." In this particular segment, the exopodite and endo- 

 podite are greatly expanded, so as to form powerful paddles, 

 and the exopodite is divided into two by a transverse joint. 

 In the succeeding somites of the abdomen with the exception 

 of the first, in which there is some modification the appen- 

 dages are in the form of swimmerets, essentially the same as 

 those attached to the penultimate segment, and differing only 

 in the fact, that the exopodite and endopodite are much nar- 

 rower, and the former is undivided (fig. 59, 2). The last 

 thoracic somite immediately in front of the abdomen car- 

 ries a pair of the walking or ambulatory legs, each consisting 

 of a short basal piece, or "propodite," and of a long jointed 

 "endopodite," the "exopodite" not being developed. The 

 next thoracic segment carries another pair of ambulatory limbs, 

 quite similar to the last, except for the fact that the protopo- 

 dite bears a process which serves to keep the gills apart, and 

 is termed the " epipodite." The succeeding segment supports 

 a pair of limbs similar to the last in all respects, except that 

 its extremities, instead of being simply pointed, are converted 

 into nipping claws, or "chelae." The next segment of the 

 thorax carries a pair of chelate limbs, just like the preceding, 

 and the next is furnished with appendages, which are essen- 

 tially the same in structure, but are much larger, constituting 

 the great claws. The next two segments of the thorax, and 

 the segment in front of these (by some looked upon as belong- 

 ing to the head, by others as referable to the thorax), bear 

 each a pair of modified limbs, which are termed "maxillipedes," 

 or "foot-jaws." These are simply limbs with the ordinary 

 structure of protopodite, exopodite, endopodite, and epipodite, 

 but modified to serve as instruments of mastication, the hind- 

 most pair being less altered than the two anterior pairs (fig. 59, 

 3). The next two somites carry appendages, which are in the 

 form of jaws, and are termed respectively the first and second 

 pairs of " maxillae." Each consists of the parts aforementioned, 

 but the epipodite of the first pair of maxillae is rudimentary, 

 whilst that of the second pair is large, and is shaped like a 

 spoon. It is termed the " scaphognathite," and its function is 

 to cause a current of water to traverse the gill-chamber by con- 

 stantly baling water out of it. The next segment carries the 

 biting jaws, or "mandibles; " .each of which consists of a large 

 protopodite, and a small endopodite, which is termed the 

 " palp," whilst the exopodite is undeveloped. The aperture 



