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MANUAL OF ZOOLOGY. 



suspended in a double-walled sac, but not capable of protrusion 

 and retraction ; mouth opening into the bottom of a respira- 

 tory sac, whose walls are more or less completely lined by a 

 network of blood-vessels." (Allman.) Animal simple or com- 

 posite. An imperfect heart in the form of a simple tube open 

 at both ends. 



The Tunicaries are all marine, and are protected by a lea- 

 thery, elastic integument, which takes the place of a shell. In 

 appearance a solitary Ascidian (fig. 96) may be compared to 

 a double-necked jar with two prominent apertures situated 



Fig. 96. Morphology of Tunicata. i. Diagram of a Tunicary (after Allman) : a Oral 

 aperture ; b Atrial aperture ; c Pharyngeal or branchial sac, with its rows of ciliated 

 apertures; d Alimentary canal, with its haemal flexure ; e Anus ; f Atrium ; g Ner- 

 vous ganglion. 2. Cynthia papillosa, a simple Ascidian (after Woodward). 



close to one another at the free extremity of the animal, one 

 of these being the mouth, whilst the other serves as an excre- 

 tory aperture. The covering of an Ascidian is composed of 

 two layers. Of these the outer is called the " external tunic," 

 or " test," and is distinguished by its coriaceous or cartilaginous 

 consistence. It is also remarkable for containing a substance 

 which gives the same chemical reactions as cellulose, and is 

 probably identical with this characteristic vegetable product. 

 The test is lined by a second coat, which is termed the " second 

 tunic," or " mantle." and which is mainly composed of longi- 

 tudinal and circular muscular fibres. By means of these the 

 animal is endowed with great contractility, and has the power 

 of ejecting water from its branchial aperture with considerable 

 force. The mantle lines the test, but is only slightly and 



